Introduction:
Nomadic pastoralists played an important role in medieval India. Their primary occupation was herding animals and they made a living by exploiting natural resources and engaging in trade and other activities.

Herding and Animal Husbandry:
The nomadic pastoralists primarily relied on herding animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. These animals were a crucial source of livelihood as they provided milk, meat, wool, and hides. The pastoralists would move with their herds to different grazing lands, following a seasonal pattern. They would migrate to areas with abundant vegetation during the monsoon, and in dry seasons, move towards water sources and areas with better pasture.

Trade and Barter:
Nomadic pastoralists also engaged in trade with settled communities. They would exchange their animal products such as wool, hides, and dairy products for grains, utensils, and other goods. This barter system allowed them to acquire resources they needed for survival. The pastoralists would often travel to towns and villages to sell their products directly to consumers or trade with intermediaries.

Transportation and Caravans:
Nomadic pastoralists played a significant role in transportation. With their knowledge of routes and mobility, they facilitated trade by forming caravans. They transported goods across long distances, connecting different regions. The caravans not only carried their own animal products but also acted as carriers for merchants and traders, earning them additional income.

Artisanal Skills:
Nomadic pastoralists possessed artisanal skills such as weaving and crafting leather products. They would utilize their downtime during seasonal migrations to engage in these activities. They produced textiles, blankets, and other products using wool from their herds. These goods were traded or sold in nearby settlements, providing them with an additional source of income.

Military Services and Protection:
Some nomadic pastoralists also offered military services to local rulers. They were skilled horse riders and archers, making them valuable assets in warfare. They would be hired as mercenaries or employed as irregular troops. In return, they received monetary rewards, food, and protection from the ruling authority.

Conclusion:
Nomadic pastoralists in medieval India made a living through herding and animal husbandry, engaging in trade and barter, facilitating transportation, utilizing artisanal skills, and providing military services. These diverse activities allowed them to sustain their livelihood and contribute to the socio-economic fabric of the time.