---- its creation in 1903, the High Court of Australia has been responsible for interpreting the constitution.Correct answer is 'Since'. Can you explain this answer?

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---- its creation in 1903, the High Court of Australia has been responsible for interpreting the constitution.

Correct answer is 'Since'. Can you explain this answer?

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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India, which is officially known as The Constitution Act, 1976, was enacted during the National Emergency from 25 June 1975 - 21 March 1977 by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi.The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in Indias history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme court and High courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws, and almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation.The amendments fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister’s Office. The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding Indias federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended the Preamble and changed the description of India from "Sovereign Democratic Republic to a "sovereign socialistic secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira".The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. The Janata Party which had promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency", won the 1977 general elections. The Janata Government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives.On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on Minerva Mills v/s Union of states, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any constitutional amendment from being called in question in any Court on any ground and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively. This respectively amends mostly the whole constitution, hence is called a mini-constitution.Q.What is the meaning of the word Sovereignty as used in the passage?

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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:The 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India, which is officially known as The Constitution Act, 1976, was enacted during the National Emergency from 25 June 1975 - 21 March 1977 by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi.The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in Indias history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme court and High courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws, and almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation.The amendments fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister’s Office. The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding Indias federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended the Preamble and changed the description of India from "Sovereign Democratic Republic to a "sovereign socialistic secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira".The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. The Janata Party which had promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency", won the 1977 general elections. The Janata Government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives.On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on Minerva Mills v/s Union of states, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any constitutional amendment from being called in question in any Court on any ground and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively. This respectively amends mostly the whole constitution, hence is called a mini-constitution.Q.Why is the 42nd amendment regarded as the most controversial amendment?

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