Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reaction that plant use to convert light energy into sugar molecules.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy stored in glucose. This process involves several steps and reactions that take place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

• Light-dependent reactions: This initial phase of photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. Here, light energy is captured by chlorophyll and other pigments, leading to the splitting of water molecules into oxygen, protons, and electrons. These reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are used in the next stage of photosynthesis.
• Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions): Also known as the dark reactions, this stage occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts. Carbon dioxide from the air is combined with the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to form glucose. This process is also known as carbon fixation.

The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
This equation represents the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light energy. The glucose produced serves as a source of energy for the plant, while the oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct.

Photosynthesis is crucial for sustaining life on Earth as it is the primary source of oxygen production and food for most living organisms. It plays a vital role in the carbon cycle by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converting it into organic compounds. Additionally, photosynthesis helps maintain the balance of gases in the atmosphere and supports biodiversity by providing energy for plant growth and development.