Tajikistan

The correct answer is Tajikistan. Tajikistan witnessed a civil war that lasted for five years from 1992 to 1997. This civil war was a result of various political, economic, and ethnic tensions that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Causes of the Civil War
1. Political Instability: After gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Tajikistan faced a power struggle between various political factions. The communist-led government, which had been in power since the Soviet era, faced opposition from Islamist and democratic forces.

2. Ethnic and Regional Divisions: Tajikistan is a diverse country with multiple ethnic groups. The civil war was often characterized as a conflict between the Kulyab-dominated government and the opposition forces from the Garm and Pamir regions. These regional and ethnic divisions exacerbated the conflict.

Key Players
1. Government Forces: The government forces were led by President Rahmon Nabiyev and later by Emomali Rahmon. They were predominantly supported by the Kulyab ethnic group and had the backing of Russia.

2. United Tajik Opposition (UTO): The UTO was a coalition of various opposition groups, including Islamic and democratic forces. They aimed to overthrow the government and establish a more inclusive and democratic system.

Course of the Civil War
1. Escalation: The civil war began in 1992 when opposition groups, dissatisfied with the government's handling of the political and economic situation, took up arms. The conflict quickly escalated, leading to widespread violence and destruction.

2. International Involvement: The civil war attracted international attention and involvement. Russia and other neighboring countries played a significant role in supporting the government forces, while some Islamic groups from Afghanistan supported the opposition.

3. Peace Process: The civil war came to an end with the signing of the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in 1997. This agreement established a power-sharing arrangement between the government and the opposition, with the UTO joining the government.

Consequences
1. Casualties and Displacement: The civil war resulted in significant casualties and displacement of the population. Thousands of people lost their lives, and many more were forced to flee their homes.

2. Economic Impact: The civil war severely disrupted the economy of Tajikistan. Infrastructure was destroyed, agricultural production declined, and foreign investment decreased.

3. Political Changes: The civil war led to significant political changes in Tajikistan. The power-sharing agreement allowed for greater representation of opposition forces in the government, leading to a more inclusive political system.

In conclusion, Tajikistan witnessed a five-year civil war from 1992 to 1997, which was fueled by political, ethnic, and regional tensions. The conflict resulted in significant casualties, displacement, and economic hardships. However, it eventually led to a power-sharing agreement and political changes in the country.