Understanding Nij Cultivation:
Nij cultivation refers to the system of agriculture where the land is owned and cultivated by individual farmers. In this system, farmers have the right to use and transfer the land as they wish. Nij cultivation was prevalent in regions like Bengal during the British colonial rule.

Problems associated with Nij Cultivation:

1. Fragmentation of land:
- Under Nij cultivation, land was often divided among family members leading to small and fragmented landholdings.
- This fragmentation made it difficult for farmers to adopt modern farming techniques and tools.

2. Lack of investment:
- Due to small landholdings, farmers were unable to make significant investments in improving agricultural productivity.
- Lack of investment led to low yields and stagnant agricultural growth.

3. Landlordism:
- In some cases, landlords exploited tenant farmers who cultivated the land under the Nij system.
- Landlords often charged high rents and imposed unfair conditions on tenant farmers, leading to social and economic inequality.

4. Vulnerability to natural disasters:
- Small landholdings made farmers more vulnerable to natural disasters such as floods and droughts.
- Farmers had limited resources to recover from such disasters, leading to food insecurity and poverty.
In conclusion, Nij cultivation had several problems associated with it, including land fragmentation, lack of investment, landlordism, and vulnerability to natural disasters. These issues hindered agricultural development and the well-being of farmers in regions where this system was prevalent.