Simple Pendulum:

A simple pendulum is a basic physics apparatus consisting of a mass (known as the bob) hanging from a string or rod of fixed length. When displaced from its resting position, the pendulum will swing back and forth under the influence of gravity.

Components of a Simple Pendulum:
- **Bob:** The mass at the end of the string.
- **String or Rod:** The medium through which the bob is suspended.
- **Resting Position:** The equilibrium point where the pendulum is at rest.
- **Amplitude:** The maximum angle the pendulum swings from its resting position.
- **Period:** The time taken for one complete oscillation of the pendulum.

Working Principle:
The motion of a simple pendulum is governed by the laws of physics, specifically the principles of gravity and inertia. When the bob is displaced from its resting position and released, gravity acts as a restoring force, pulling the bob back towards the equilibrium position. As a result, the pendulum oscillates back and forth in a regular pattern.

Factors Affecting the Period of a Simple Pendulum:
- **Length of the String:** Longer strings have longer periods.
- **Mass of the Bob:** Heavier bobs have longer periods.
- **Amplitude of the Swing:** Larger amplitudes can affect the period.

Applications of Simple Pendulum:
- Used in clocks to regulate time.
- Studied in physics to understand oscillatory motion.
- Demonstrates the principles of harmonic motion.

In conclusion, a simple pendulum is a fundamental apparatus in physics that demonstrates the principles of oscillatory motion and can be used in various applications to measure time and study physical phenomena.