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Question is based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. ©2012 by Daniel Chamovitz.The Venus flytrap [Dionaea muscipula] needs toknow when an ideal meal is crawling across its leaves.Closing its trap requires a huge expense of energy,and reopening the trap can take several hours, so5 Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s surethat the dawdling insect visiting its surface is largeenough to be worth its time. The large black hairs ontheir lobes allow the Venus flytraps to literally feeltheir prey, and they act as triggers that spring the10 trap closed when the proper prey makes its wayacross the trap. If the insect touches just one hair, thetrap will not spring shut; but a large enough bug willlikely touch two hairs within about twenty seconds,and that signal springs the Venus flytrap into action.15 We can look at this system as analogous toshort-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes theinformation (forms the memory) that something (itdoesn’t know what) has touched one of its hairs.Then it stores this information for a number of20seconds (retains the memory) and finally retrievesthis information (recalls the memory) once a secondhair is touched. If a small ant takes a while to getfrom one hair to the next, the trap will have forgottenthe first touch by the time the ant brushes up against25the next hair. In other words, it loses the storage ofthe information, doesn’t close, and the anthappily meanders on. How does the plant encodeand store the information from the unassumingbug’s encounter with the first hair? How does it30 remember the first touch in order to react upon thesecond?Scientists have been puzzled by these questionsever since John Burdon-Sanderson’s early report onthe physiology of the Venus flytrap in 1882. A35 century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers atthe University of Bonn in Germany proposed thatthe flytrap stored information regarding how manyhairs have been touched in the electric charge of itsleaf. Their model is quite elegant in its simplicity.40In their studies, they discovered that touching atrigger hair on the Venus flytrap causes an electricaction potential [a temporary reversal in theelectrical polarity of a cell membrane] thatinduces calcium channels to open in the trap (this45coupling of action potentials and the opening ofcalcium channels is similar to the processes thatoccur during communication between humanneurons), thus causing a rapid increase in theconcentration of calcium ions.50They proposed that the trap requires a relativelyhigh concentration of calcium in order to closeand that a single action potential from just onetrigger hair being touched does not reach this level.Therefore, a second hair needs to be stimulated to55push the calcium concentration over this thresholdand spring the trap. The encoding of the informationrequires maintaining a high enough level of calciumso that a second increase (triggered by touching thesecond hair) pushes the total concentration of60calcium over the threshold. As the calcium ionconcentrations dissipate over time, if the secondtouch and potential don’t happen quickly, the finalconcentration after the second trigger won’t be highenough to close the trap, and the memory is lost.65Subsequent research supports this model.Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at OakwoodUniversity in Alabama first demonstrated that it isindeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap toclose. To test the model they rigged up very fine70electrodes and applied an electrical current to theopen lobes of the trap. This made the trap closewithout any direct touch to its trigger hairs (whilethey didn’t measure calcium levels, the currentlikely led to increases). When they modified this75experiment by altering the amount of electricalcurrent, Volkov could determine the exact electricalcharge needed for the trap to close. As long asfourteen microcoulombs—a tiny bit more than thestatic electricity generated by rubbing two balloons80together—flowed between the two electrodes, thetrap closed. This could come as one large burst or asa series of smaller charges within twenty seconds. If ittook longer than twenty seconds to accumulate thetotal charge, the trap would remain open.Q. The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6), “happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs establishes a tone that isa)academic.b)melodramatic.c)informal.d)mocking.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? for SAT 2025 is part of SAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the SAT exam syllabus. Information about Question is based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. ©2012 by Daniel Chamovitz.The Venus flytrap [Dionaea muscipula] needs toknow when an ideal meal is crawling across its leaves.Closing its trap requires a huge expense of energy,and reopening the trap can take several hours, so5 Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s surethat the dawdling insect visiting its surface is largeenough to be worth its time. The large black hairs ontheir lobes allow the Venus flytraps to literally feeltheir prey, and they act as triggers that spring the10 trap closed when the proper prey makes its wayacross the trap. If the insect touches just one hair, thetrap will not spring shut; but a large enough bug willlikely touch two hairs within about twenty seconds,and that signal springs the Venus flytrap into action.15 We can look at this system as analogous toshort-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes theinformation (forms the memory) that something (itdoesn’t know what) has touched one of its hairs.Then it stores this information for a number of20seconds (retains the memory) and finally retrievesthis information (recalls the memory) once a secondhair is touched. If a small ant takes a while to getfrom one hair to the next, the trap will have forgottenthe first touch by the time the ant brushes up against25the next hair. In other words, it loses the storage ofthe information, doesn’t close, and the anthappily meanders on. How does the plant encodeand store the information from the unassumingbug’s encounter with the first hair? How does it30 remember the first touch in order to react upon thesecond?Scientists have been puzzled by these questionsever since John Burdon-Sanderson’s early report onthe physiology of the Venus flytrap in 1882. A35 century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers atthe University of Bonn in Germany proposed thatthe flytrap stored information regarding how manyhairs have been touched in the electric charge of itsleaf. Their model is quite elegant in its simplicity.40In their studies, they discovered that touching atrigger hair on the Venus flytrap causes an electricaction potential [a temporary reversal in theelectrical polarity of a cell membrane] thatinduces calcium channels to open in the trap (this45coupling of action potentials and the opening ofcalcium channels is similar to the processes thatoccur during communication between humanneurons), thus causing a rapid increase in theconcentration of calcium ions.50They proposed that the trap requires a relativelyhigh concentration of calcium in order to closeand that a single action potential from just onetrigger hair being touched does not reach this level.Therefore, a second hair needs to be stimulated to55push the calcium concentration over this thresholdand spring the trap. The encoding of the informationrequires maintaining a high enough level of calciumso that a second increase (triggered by touching thesecond hair) pushes the total concentration of60calcium over the threshold. As the calcium ionconcentrations dissipate over time, if the secondtouch and potential don’t happen quickly, the finalconcentration after the second trigger won’t be highenough to close the trap, and the memory is lost.65Subsequent research supports this model.Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at OakwoodUniversity in Alabama first demonstrated that it isindeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap toclose. To test the model they rigged up very fine70electrodes and applied an electrical current to theopen lobes of the trap. This made the trap closewithout any direct touch to its trigger hairs (whilethey didn’t measure calcium levels, the currentlikely led to increases). When they modified this75experiment by altering the amount of electricalcurrent, Volkov could determine the exact electricalcharge needed for the trap to close. As long asfourteen microcoulombs—a tiny bit more than thestatic electricity generated by rubbing two balloons80together—flowed between the two electrodes, thetrap closed. This could come as one large burst or asa series of smaller charges within twenty seconds. If ittook longer than twenty seconds to accumulate thetotal charge, the trap would remain open.Q. The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6), “happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs establishes a tone that isa)academic.b)melodramatic.c)informal.d)mocking.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for SAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Question is based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. ©2012 by Daniel Chamovitz.The Venus flytrap [Dionaea muscipula] needs toknow when an ideal meal is crawling across its leaves.Closing its trap requires a huge expense of energy,and reopening the trap can take several hours, so5 Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s surethat the dawdling insect visiting its surface is largeenough to be worth its time. The large black hairs ontheir lobes allow the Venus flytraps to literally feeltheir prey, and they act as triggers that spring the10 trap closed when the proper prey makes its wayacross the trap. If the insect touches just one hair, thetrap will not spring shut; but a large enough bug willlikely touch two hairs within about twenty seconds,and that signal springs the Venus flytrap into action.15 We can look at this system as analogous toshort-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes theinformation (forms the memory) that something (itdoesn’t know what) has touched one of its hairs.Then it stores this information for a number of20seconds (retains the memory) and finally retrievesthis information (recalls the memory) once a secondhair is touched. If a small ant takes a while to getfrom one hair to the next, the trap will have forgottenthe first touch by the time the ant brushes up against25the next hair. In other words, it loses the storage ofthe information, doesn’t close, and the anthappily meanders on. How does the plant encodeand store the information from the unassumingbug’s encounter with the first hair? How does it30 remember the first touch in order to react upon thesecond?Scientists have been puzzled by these questionsever since John Burdon-Sanderson’s early report onthe physiology of the Venus flytrap in 1882. A35 century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers atthe University of Bonn in Germany proposed thatthe flytrap stored information regarding how manyhairs have been touched in the electric charge of itsleaf. Their model is quite elegant in its simplicity.40In their studies, they discovered that touching atrigger hair on the Venus flytrap causes an electricaction potential [a temporary reversal in theelectrical polarity of a cell membrane] thatinduces calcium channels to open in the trap (this45coupling of action potentials and the opening ofcalcium channels is similar to the processes thatoccur during communication between humanneurons), thus causing a rapid increase in theconcentration of calcium ions.50They proposed that the trap requires a relativelyhigh concentration of calcium in order to closeand that a single action potential from just onetrigger hair being touched does not reach this level.Therefore, a second hair needs to be stimulated to55push the calcium concentration over this thresholdand spring the trap. The encoding of the informationrequires maintaining a high enough level of calciumso that a second increase (triggered by touching thesecond hair) pushes the total concentration of60calcium over the threshold. As the calcium ionconcentrations dissipate over time, if the secondtouch and potential don’t happen quickly, the finalconcentration after the second trigger won’t be highenough to close the trap, and the memory is lost.65Subsequent research supports this model.Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at OakwoodUniversity in Alabama first demonstrated that it isindeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap toclose. To test the model they rigged up very fine70electrodes and applied an electrical current to theopen lobes of the trap. This made the trap closewithout any direct touch to its trigger hairs (whilethey didn’t measure calcium levels, the currentlikely led to increases). When they modified this75experiment by altering the amount of electricalcurrent, Volkov could determine the exact electricalcharge needed for the trap to close. As long asfourteen microcoulombs—a tiny bit more than thestatic electricity generated by rubbing two balloons80together—flowed between the two electrodes, thetrap closed. This could come as one large burst or asa series of smaller charges within twenty seconds. If ittook longer than twenty seconds to accumulate thetotal charge, the trap would remain open.Q. The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6), “happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs establishes a tone that isa)academic.b)melodramatic.c)informal.d)mocking.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Question is based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. ©2012 by Daniel Chamovitz.The Venus flytrap [Dionaea muscipula] needs toknow when an ideal meal is crawling across its leaves.Closing its trap requires a huge expense of energy,and reopening the trap can take several hours, so5 Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s surethat the dawdling insect visiting its surface is largeenough to be worth its time. The large black hairs ontheir lobes allow the Venus flytraps to literally feeltheir prey, and they act as triggers that spring the10 trap closed when the proper prey makes its wayacross the trap. If the insect touches just one hair, thetrap will not spring shut; but a large enough bug willlikely touch two hairs within about twenty seconds,and that signal springs the Venus flytrap into action.15 We can look at this system as analogous toshort-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes theinformation (forms the memory) that something (itdoesn’t know what) has touched one of its hairs.Then it stores this information for a number of20seconds (retains the memory) and finally retrievesthis information (recalls the memory) once a secondhair is touched. If a small ant takes a while to getfrom one hair to the next, the trap will have forgottenthe first touch by the time the ant brushes up against25the next hair. In other words, it loses the storage ofthe information, doesn’t close, and the anthappily meanders on. How does the plant encodeand store the information from the unassumingbug’s encounter with the first hair? How does it30 remember the first touch in order to react upon thesecond?Scientists have been puzzled by these questionsever since John Burdon-Sanderson’s early report onthe physiology of the Venus flytrap in 1882. A35 century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers atthe University of Bonn in Germany proposed thatthe flytrap stored information regarding how manyhairs have been touched in the electric charge of itsleaf. Their model is quite elegant in its simplicity.40In their studies, they discovered that touching atrigger hair on the Venus flytrap causes an electricaction potential [a temporary reversal in theelectrical polarity of a cell membrane] thatinduces calcium channels to open in the trap (this45coupling of action potentials and the opening ofcalcium channels is similar to the processes thatoccur during communication between humanneurons), thus causing a rapid increase in theconcentration of calcium ions.50They proposed that the trap requires a relativelyhigh concentration of calcium in order to closeand that a single action potential from just onetrigger hair being touched does not reach this level.Therefore, a second hair needs to be stimulated to55push the calcium concentration over this thresholdand spring the trap. The encoding of the informationrequires maintaining a high enough level of calciumso that a second increase (triggered by touching thesecond hair) pushes the total concentration of60calcium over the threshold. As the calcium ionconcentrations dissipate over time, if the secondtouch and potential don’t happen quickly, the finalconcentration after the second trigger won’t be highenough to close the trap, and the memory is lost.65Subsequent research supports this model.Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at OakwoodUniversity in Alabama first demonstrated that it isindeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap toclose. To test the model they rigged up very fine70electrodes and applied an electrical current to theopen lobes of the trap. This made the trap closewithout any direct touch to its trigger hairs (whilethey didn’t measure calcium levels, the currentlikely led to increases). When they modified this75experiment by altering the amount of electricalcurrent, Volkov could determine the exact electricalcharge needed for the trap to close. As long asfourteen microcoulombs—a tiny bit more than thestatic electricity generated by rubbing two balloons80together—flowed between the two electrodes, thetrap closed. This could come as one large burst or asa series of smaller charges within twenty seconds. If ittook longer than twenty seconds to accumulate thetotal charge, the trap would remain open.Q. The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6), “happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs establishes a tone that isa)academic.b)melodramatic.c)informal.d)mocking.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for SAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for SAT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Question is based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. ©2012 by Daniel Chamovitz.The Venus flytrap [Dionaea muscipula] needs toknow when an ideal meal is crawling across its leaves.Closing its trap requires a huge expense of energy,and reopening the trap can take several hours, so5 Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s surethat the dawdling insect visiting its surface is largeenough to be worth its time. The large black hairs ontheir lobes allow the Venus flytraps to literally feeltheir prey, and they act as triggers that spring the10 trap closed when the proper prey makes its wayacross the trap. If the insect touches just one hair, thetrap will not spring shut; but a large enough bug willlikely touch two hairs within about twenty seconds,and that signal springs the Venus flytrap into action.15 We can look at this system as analogous toshort-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes theinformation (forms the memory) that something (itdoesn’t know what) has touched one of its hairs.Then it stores this information for a number of20seconds (retains the memory) and finally retrievesthis information (recalls the memory) once a secondhair is touched. If a small ant takes a while to getfrom one hair to the next, the trap will have forgottenthe first touch by the time the ant brushes up against25the next hair. In other words, it loses the storage ofthe information, doesn’t close, and the anthappily meanders on. How does the plant encodeand store the information from the unassumingbug’s encounter with the first hair? How does it30 remember the first touch in order to react upon thesecond?Scientists have been puzzled by these questionsever since John Burdon-Sanderson’s early report onthe physiology of the Venus flytrap in 1882. A35 century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers atthe University of Bonn in Germany proposed thatthe flytrap stored information regarding how manyhairs have been touched in the electric charge of itsleaf. Their model is quite elegant in its simplicity.40In their studies, they discovered that touching atrigger hair on the Venus flytrap causes an electricaction potential [a temporary reversal in theelectrical polarity of a cell membrane] thatinduces calcium channels to open in the trap (this45coupling of action potentials and the opening ofcalcium channels is similar to the processes thatoccur during communication between humanneurons), thus causing a rapid increase in theconcentration of calcium ions.50They proposed that the trap requires a relativelyhigh concentration of calcium in order to closeand that a single action potential from just onetrigger hair being touched does not reach this level.Therefore, a second hair needs to be stimulated to55push the calcium concentration over this thresholdand spring the trap. The encoding of the informationrequires maintaining a high enough level of calciumso that a second increase (triggered by touching thesecond hair) pushes the total concentration of60calcium over the threshold. As the calcium ionconcentrations dissipate over time, if the secondtouch and potential don’t happen quickly, the finalconcentration after the second trigger won’t be highenough to close the trap, and the memory is lost.65Subsequent research supports this model.Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at OakwoodUniversity in Alabama first demonstrated that it isindeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap toclose. To test the model they rigged up very fine70electrodes and applied an electrical current to theopen lobes of the trap. This made the trap closewithout any direct touch to its trigger hairs (whilethey didn’t measure calcium levels, the currentlikely led to increases). When they modified this75experiment by altering the amount of electricalcurrent, Volkov could determine the exact electricalcharge needed for the trap to close. As long asfourteen microcoulombs—a tiny bit more than thestatic electricity generated by rubbing two balloons80together—flowed between the two electrodes, thetrap closed. This could come as one large burst or asa series of smaller charges within twenty seconds. If ittook longer than twenty seconds to accumulate thetotal charge, the trap would remain open.Q. The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6), “happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs establishes a tone that isa)academic.b)melodramatic.c)informal.d)mocking.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Question is based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. ©2012 by Daniel Chamovitz.The Venus flytrap [Dionaea muscipula] needs toknow when an ideal meal is crawling across its leaves.Closing its trap requires a huge expense of energy,and reopening the trap can take several hours, so5 Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s surethat the dawdling insect visiting its surface is largeenough to be worth its time. The large black hairs ontheir lobes allow the Venus flytraps to literally feeltheir prey, and they act as triggers that spring the10 trap closed when the proper prey makes its wayacross the trap. If the insect touches just one hair, thetrap will not spring shut; but a large enough bug willlikely touch two hairs within about twenty seconds,and that signal springs the Venus flytrap into action.15 We can look at this system as analogous toshort-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes theinformation (forms the memory) that something (itdoesn’t know what) has touched one of its hairs.Then it stores this information for a number of20seconds (retains the memory) and finally retrievesthis information (recalls the memory) once a secondhair is touched. If a small ant takes a while to getfrom one hair to the next, the trap will have forgottenthe first touch by the time the ant brushes up against25the next hair. In other words, it loses the storage ofthe information, doesn’t close, and the anthappily meanders on. How does the plant encodeand store the information from the unassumingbug’s encounter with the first hair? How does it30 remember the first touch in order to react upon thesecond?Scientists have been puzzled by these questionsever since John Burdon-Sanderson’s early report onthe physiology of the Venus flytrap in 1882. A35 century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers atthe University of Bonn in Germany proposed thatthe flytrap stored information regarding how manyhairs have been touched in the electric charge of itsleaf. Their model is quite elegant in its simplicity.40In their studies, they discovered that touching atrigger hair on the Venus flytrap causes an electricaction potential [a temporary reversal in theelectrical polarity of a cell membrane] thatinduces calcium channels to open in the trap (this45coupling of action potentials and the opening ofcalcium channels is similar to the processes thatoccur during communication between humanneurons), thus causing a rapid increase in theconcentration of calcium ions.50They proposed that the trap requires a relativelyhigh concentration of calcium in order to closeand that a single action potential from just onetrigger hair being touched does not reach this level.Therefore, a second hair needs to be stimulated to55push the calcium concentration over this thresholdand spring the trap. The encoding of the informationrequires maintaining a high enough level of calciumso that a second increase (triggered by touching thesecond hair) pushes the total concentration of60calcium over the threshold. As the calcium ionconcentrations dissipate over time, if the secondtouch and potential don’t happen quickly, the finalconcentration after the second trigger won’t be highenough to close the trap, and the memory is lost.65Subsequent research supports this model.Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at OakwoodUniversity in Alabama first demonstrated that it isindeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap toclose. To test the model they rigged up very fine70electrodes and applied an electrical current to theopen lobes of the trap. This made the trap closewithout any direct touch to its trigger hairs (whilethey didn’t measure calcium levels, the currentlikely led to increases). When they modified this75experiment by altering the amount of electricalcurrent, Volkov could determine the exact electricalcharge needed for the trap to close. As long asfourteen microcoulombs—a tiny bit more than thestatic electricity generated by rubbing two balloons80together—flowed between the two electrodes, thetrap closed. This could come as one large burst or asa series of smaller charges within twenty seconds. If ittook longer than twenty seconds to accumulate thetotal charge, the trap would remain open.Q. The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6), “happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs establishes a tone that isa)academic.b)melodramatic.c)informal.d)mocking.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Question is based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. ©2012 by Daniel Chamovitz.The Venus flytrap [Dionaea muscipula] needs toknow when an ideal meal is crawling across its leaves.Closing its trap requires a huge expense of energy,and reopening the trap can take several hours, so5 Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s surethat the dawdling insect visiting its surface is largeenough to be worth its time. The large black hairs ontheir lobes allow the Venus flytraps to literally feeltheir prey, and they act as triggers that spring the10 trap closed when the proper prey makes its wayacross the trap. If the insect touches just one hair, thetrap will not spring shut; but a large enough bug willlikely touch two hairs within about twenty seconds,and that signal springs the Venus flytrap into action.15 We can look at this system as analogous toshort-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes theinformation (forms the memory) that something (itdoesn’t know what) has touched one of its hairs.Then it stores this information for a number of20seconds (retains the memory) and finally retrievesthis information (recalls the memory) once a secondhair is touched. If a small ant takes a while to getfrom one hair to the next, the trap will have forgottenthe first touch by the time the ant brushes up against25the next hair. In other words, it loses the storage ofthe information, doesn’t close, and the anthappily meanders on. How does the plant encodeand store the information from the unassumingbug’s encounter with the first hair? How does it30 remember the first touch in order to react upon thesecond?Scientists have been puzzled by these questionsever since John Burdon-Sanderson’s early report onthe physiology of the Venus flytrap in 1882. A35 century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers atthe University of Bonn in Germany proposed thatthe flytrap stored information regarding how manyhairs have been touched in the electric charge of itsleaf. Their model is quite elegant in its simplicity.40In their studies, they discovered that touching atrigger hair on the Venus flytrap causes an electricaction potential [a temporary reversal in theelectrical polarity of a cell membrane] thatinduces calcium channels to open in the trap (this45coupling of action potentials and the opening ofcalcium channels is similar to the processes thatoccur during communication between humanneurons), thus causing a rapid increase in theconcentration of calcium ions.50They proposed that the trap requires a relativelyhigh concentration of calcium in order to closeand that a single action potential from just onetrigger hair being touched does not reach this level.Therefore, a second hair needs to be stimulated to55push the calcium concentration over this thresholdand spring the trap. The encoding of the informationrequires maintaining a high enough level of calciumso that a second increase (triggered by touching thesecond hair) pushes the total concentration of60calcium over the threshold. As the calcium ionconcentrations dissipate over time, if the secondtouch and potential don’t happen quickly, the finalconcentration after the second trigger won’t be highenough to close the trap, and the memory is lost.65Subsequent research supports this model.Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at OakwoodUniversity in Alabama first demonstrated that it isindeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap toclose. To test the model they rigged up very fine70electrodes and applied an electrical current to theopen lobes of the trap. This made the trap closewithout any direct touch to its trigger hairs (whilethey didn’t measure calcium levels, the currentlikely led to increases). When they modified this75experiment by altering the amount of electricalcurrent, Volkov could determine the exact electricalcharge needed for the trap to close. As long asfourteen microcoulombs—a tiny bit more than thestatic electricity generated by rubbing two balloons80together—flowed between the two electrodes, thetrap closed. This could come as one large burst or asa series of smaller charges within twenty seconds. If ittook longer than twenty seconds to accumulate thetotal charge, the trap would remain open.Q. The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6), “happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs establishes a tone that isa)academic.b)melodramatic.c)informal.d)mocking.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Question is based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. ©2012 by Daniel Chamovitz.The Venus flytrap [Dionaea muscipula] needs toknow when an ideal meal is crawling across its leaves.Closing its trap requires a huge expense of energy,and reopening the trap can take several hours, so5 Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s surethat the dawdling insect visiting its surface is largeenough to be worth its time. The large black hairs ontheir lobes allow the Venus flytraps to literally feeltheir prey, and they act as triggers that spring the10 trap closed when the proper prey makes its wayacross the trap. If the insect touches just one hair, thetrap will not spring shut; but a large enough bug willlikely touch two hairs within about twenty seconds,and that signal springs the Venus flytrap into action.15 We can look at this system as analogous toshort-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes theinformation (forms the memory) that something (itdoesn’t know what) has touched one of its hairs.Then it stores this information for a number of20seconds (retains the memory) and finally retrievesthis information (recalls the memory) once a secondhair is touched. If a small ant takes a while to getfrom one hair to the next, the trap will have forgottenthe first touch by the time the ant brushes up against25the next hair. In other words, it loses the storage ofthe information, doesn’t close, and the anthappily meanders on. How does the plant encodeand store the information from the unassumingbug’s encounter with the first hair? How does it30 remember the first touch in order to react upon thesecond?Scientists have been puzzled by these questionsever since John Burdon-Sanderson’s early report onthe physiology of the Venus flytrap in 1882. A35 century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers atthe University of Bonn in Germany proposed thatthe flytrap stored information regarding how manyhairs have been touched in the electric charge of itsleaf. Their model is quite elegant in its simplicity.40In their studies, they discovered that touching atrigger hair on the Venus flytrap causes an electricaction potential [a temporary reversal in theelectrical polarity of a cell membrane] thatinduces calcium channels to open in the trap (this45coupling of action potentials and the opening ofcalcium channels is similar to the processes thatoccur during communication between humanneurons), thus causing a rapid increase in theconcentration of calcium ions.50They proposed that the trap requires a relativelyhigh concentration of calcium in order to closeand that a single action potential from just onetrigger hair being touched does not reach this level.Therefore, a second hair needs to be stimulated to55push the calcium concentration over this thresholdand spring the trap. The encoding of the informationrequires maintaining a high enough level of calciumso that a second increase (triggered by touching thesecond hair) pushes the total concentration of60calcium over the threshold. As the calcium ionconcentrations dissipate over time, if the secondtouch and potential don’t happen quickly, the finalconcentration after the second trigger won’t be highenough to close the trap, and the memory is lost.65Subsequent research supports this model.Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at OakwoodUniversity in Alabama first demonstrated that it isindeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap toclose. To test the model they rigged up very fine70electrodes and applied an electrical current to theopen lobes of the trap. This made the trap closewithout any direct touch to its trigger hairs (whilethey didn’t measure calcium levels, the currentlikely led to increases). When they modified this75experiment by altering the amount of electricalcurrent, Volkov could determine the exact electricalcharge needed for the trap to close. As long asfourteen microcoulombs—a tiny bit more than thestatic electricity generated by rubbing two balloons80together—flowed between the two electrodes, thetrap closed. This could come as one large burst or asa series of smaller charges within twenty seconds. If ittook longer than twenty seconds to accumulate thetotal charge, the trap would remain open.Q. The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6), “happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs establishes a tone that isa)academic.b)melodramatic.c)informal.d)mocking.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Question is based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. ©2012 by Daniel Chamovitz.The Venus flytrap [Dionaea muscipula] needs toknow when an ideal meal is crawling across its leaves.Closing its trap requires a huge expense of energy,and reopening the trap can take several hours, so5 Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s surethat the dawdling insect visiting its surface is largeenough to be worth its time. The large black hairs ontheir lobes allow the Venus flytraps to literally feeltheir prey, and they act as triggers that spring the10 trap closed when the proper prey makes its wayacross the trap. If the insect touches just one hair, thetrap will not spring shut; but a large enough bug willlikely touch two hairs within about twenty seconds,and that signal springs the Venus flytrap into action.15 We can look at this system as analogous toshort-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes theinformation (forms the memory) that something (itdoesn’t know what) has touched one of its hairs.Then it stores this information for a number of20seconds (retains the memory) and finally retrievesthis information (recalls the memory) once a secondhair is touched. If a small ant takes a while to getfrom one hair to the next, the trap will have forgottenthe first touch by the time the ant brushes up against25the next hair. In other words, it loses the storage ofthe information, doesn’t close, and the anthappily meanders on. How does the plant encodeand store the information from the unassumingbug’s encounter with the first hair? How does it30 remember the first touch in order to react upon thesecond?Scientists have been puzzled by these questionsever since John Burdon-Sanderson’s early report onthe physiology of the Venus flytrap in 1882. A35 century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers atthe University of Bonn in Germany proposed thatthe flytrap stored information regarding how manyhairs have been touched in the electric charge of itsleaf. Their model is quite elegant in its simplicity.40In their studies, they discovered that touching atrigger hair on the Venus flytrap causes an electricaction potential [a temporary reversal in theelectrical polarity of a cell membrane] thatinduces calcium channels to open in the trap (this45coupling of action potentials and the opening ofcalcium channels is similar to the processes thatoccur during communication between humanneurons), thus causing a rapid increase in theconcentration of calcium ions.50They proposed that the trap requires a relativelyhigh concentration of calcium in order to closeand that a single action potential from just onetrigger hair being touched does not reach this level.Therefore, a second hair needs to be stimulated to55push the calcium concentration over this thresholdand spring the trap. The encoding of the informationrequires maintaining a high enough level of calciumso that a second increase (triggered by touching thesecond hair) pushes the total concentration of60calcium over the threshold. As the calcium ionconcentrations dissipate over time, if the secondtouch and potential don’t happen quickly, the finalconcentration after the second trigger won’t be highenough to close the trap, and the memory is lost.65Subsequent research supports this model.Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at OakwoodUniversity in Alabama first demonstrated that it isindeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap toclose. To test the model they rigged up very fine70electrodes and applied an electrical current to theopen lobes of the trap. This made the trap closewithout any direct touch to its trigger hairs (whilethey didn’t measure calcium levels, the currentlikely led to increases). When they modified this75experiment by altering the amount of electricalcurrent, Volkov could determine the exact electricalcharge needed for the trap to close. As long asfourteen microcoulombs—a tiny bit more than thestatic electricity generated by rubbing two balloons80together—flowed between the two electrodes, thetrap closed. This could come as one large burst or asa series of smaller charges within twenty seconds. If ittook longer than twenty seconds to accumulate thetotal charge, the trap would remain open.Q. The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6), “happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs establishes a tone that isa)academic.b)melodramatic.c)informal.d)mocking.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice SAT tests.