Stomata are the structures that are present on the surface of leaves.

Stomata are tiny openings or pores that are found on the surface of leaves, as well as on the surface of stems and other plant parts. These structures play a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis and respiration in plants.

Stomata are responsible for the exchange of gases between the plant and its environment. During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the stomata. At the same time, they release oxygen produced during photosynthesis through the stomata.

Stomata also play a role in regulating the loss of water from plants through a process called transpiration. When the stomata open, water vapor is released into the atmosphere, helping to cool the plant and maintain its internal moisture levels. However, excessive transpiration can lead to dehydration, so plants have mechanisms to control the opening and closing of stomata to balance water loss and conservation.

Each stoma is surrounded by two specialized cells called guard cells. These cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata. When the guard cells are turgid, the stomata open, allowing gas exchange to occur. When the guard cells lose water and become flaccid, the stomata close, reducing water loss.

In addition to their role in gas exchange and transpiration, stomata also play a role in the uptake of minerals by plants. Some minerals are absorbed by the roots and transported to the leaves through the xylem, where they are released into the air through the stomata.

Overall, stomata are essential structures on the surface of leaves that enable plants to carry out photosynthesis, regulate water loss, and exchange gases with the atmosphere.