The main characteristics of a city can vary depending on various factors such as its location, historical background, cultural heritage, and economic development. In the context of Class 11 history, let's explore the main characteristics of a city during ancient times.

1. Location and Urban Planning:
- Cities were usually strategically located near rivers, lakes, or fertile land for agricultural purposes.
- Urban planning was an important aspect, with cities being divided into different sections or quarters like residential, commercial, and administrative areas.
- Some cities were fortified with walls for protection against external threats.

2. Infrastructure and Architecture:
- Cities displayed impressive architectural achievements, with monumental structures like palaces, temples, and public buildings.
- Streets were laid out in a grid pattern, and houses were often made of mud bricks or stone, depending on the available resources.
- Drainage systems were constructed to ensure proper sanitation and waste management.

3. Economic Activities:
- Cities were centers of trade and commerce, with marketplaces and ports facilitating the exchange of goods.
- Craftsmen and artisans thrived in cities, specializing in various crafts such as pottery, metalwork, weaving, and carpentry.
- The presence of a diverse range of economic activities contributed to the growth and prosperity of cities.

4. Social Hierarchy and Governance:
- Cities had a hierarchical social structure, with rulers or kings at the top, followed by nobles, priests, merchants, and commoners.
- City-states or kingdoms had their own governing systems, which could include monarchies or councils.
- Temples played a significant role in ancient cities, serving as centers of religious, cultural, and administrative activities.

5. Cultural and Intellectual Centers:
- Cities were often cultural hubs, with the presence of theaters, libraries, and educational institutions.
- Intellectual activities flourished, with scholars and philosophers contributing to fields like mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.
- Festivals, rituals, and religious ceremonies were an integral part of city life, fostering a sense of community and shared identity.

In conclusion, ancient cities displayed a range of characteristics that shaped their identity and influenced the lives of their inhabitants. These cities served as centers of economic, social, and cultural activities, showcasing remarkable infrastructure and architectural achievements. Understanding the main characteristics of cities during ancient times provides valuable insights into the historical and cultural development of civilizations.