Introduction:
Mendel's law of independent assortment is one of the fundamental principles of inheritance, which explains how two or more traits are inherited. This law states that the alleles for different traits segregate independently of each other during the formation of gametes. In other words, the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait.

Explanation:
Mendel conducted several experiments with pea plants to understand the inheritance patterns of different traits. Let's consider an example where he studied the inheritance of two traits: seed color (yellow or green) and seed shape (round or wrinkled).

First Trait: Seed Color
Mendel crossed true-breeding yellow-seeded plants (YY) with true-breeding green-seeded plants (yy). According to the law of segregation, the F1 generation (hybrids) would have all yellow seeds because the yellow allele (Y) is dominant over the green allele (y).

Second Trait: Seed Shape
Next, Mendel crossed the F1 generation plants with round seeds (Yy) with true-breeding wrinkled-seeded plants (yy). According to the law of segregation, the F2 generation would have a 3:1 ratio of round to wrinkled seeds.

Independent Assortment:
Mendel further observed that the inheritance of seed color and seed shape was independent of each other. This means that the alleles for seed color and seed shape were assorting independently during gamete formation.

For example, when the F1 generation plants with yellow round seeds (YyRr) were self-fertilized, the resulting F2 generation showed different combinations of traits. The four possible phenotypes (yellow round, yellow wrinkled, green round, and green wrinkled) appeared in a 9:3:3:1 ratio.

Conclusion:
Mendel's law of independent assortment explains the inheritance of two or more traits by stating that the alleles for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation. This principle allows for the formation of various combinations of traits in the offspring, resulting in genetic diversity. Mendel's experiments with pea plants provided key insights into the patterns of inheritance, laying the foundation for our understanding of genetics.