Main Source of Livelihood in Pre-Independence India

Agriculture
- The main source of livelihood in pre-independence India was agriculture, which employed a significant portion of the population.
- The majority of people lived in rural areas and were engaged in agricultural activities to sustain their livelihoods.
- Subsistence farming was prevalent, where farmers produced crops primarily for their own consumption rather than for commercial purposes.
- The agricultural sector was highly dependent on monsoon rains, and the success of crops was largely determined by the amount and timing of rainfall.
- Farmers used traditional methods of cultivation, with limited access to modern tools, machinery, and irrigation facilities.
- The main crops grown during this period included rice, wheat, millets, jute, cotton, sugarcane, and various spices.

Cottage Industries
- Alongside agriculture, cottage industries played a crucial role in the pre-independence economy.
- Cottage industries were small-scale, home-based enterprises where individuals or families produced goods using traditional methods and simple tools.
- These industries included handloom weaving, pottery, metalwork, leatherwork, carpentry, and other handicrafts.
- The production from these industries catered to both domestic and international markets.
- Artisans and craftsmen passed down their skills from generation to generation, creating a rich heritage of traditional craftsmanship.

Trade and Commerce
- Trade and commerce were significant sources of livelihood in pre-independence India.
- India had a long history of trade with various regions, including the Middle East, Europe, and Southeast Asia.
- The country was known for its valuable commodities like spices, textiles, indigo, tea, and opium, which were in high demand in international markets.
- Trade routes like the Silk Road and maritime routes facilitated the exchange of goods.
- Indian merchants, known as banias, played a crucial role in domestic and international trade.
- They established trading networks, conducted business transactions, and facilitated the movement of goods across regions.
- The British East India Company's entry into India significantly impacted the country's trade dynamics, leading to economic exploitation.

Government Service and Administration
- Government service and administration provided livelihood opportunities for a small section of the population.
- Jobs in the civil services, judiciary, police, and other administrative roles were sought after.
- These positions were often held by individuals educated in English and trained in British administrative systems.
- The government service offered stability, social status, and financial security to those employed in these sectors.

Conclusion
In pre-independence India, the main source of livelihood was agriculture, with the majority of the population engaged in farming. Cottage industries, trade and commerce, and government service also provided employment opportunities, albeit to a smaller extent. The agrarian economy, coupled with traditional craftsmanship and trading networks, formed the backbone of India's economic structure during this period.

Agriculture