The Gandhi-Irwin Pact: Delhi Pact

The correct answer is option 'A' - Delhi Pact. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, also known as the Delhi Pact, was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India, on March 5, 1931. This pact was a significant milestone in the Indian freedom struggle and played a crucial role in shaping the future course of the movement.

Background:
- In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement with the Salt March. The movement aimed to challenge the British monopoly on salt production and demand complete independence for India.
- The movement gained massive support and resulted in widespread protests, demonstrations, and arrests of Indian nationalists.
- Lord Irwin, recognizing the growing unrest and the effectiveness of Gandhi's nonviolent methods, invited him for negotiations to resolve the conflict.

The Negotiations:
- The negotiations between Gandhi and Lord Irwin took place in Delhi from March 2 to March 5, 1931.
- Both sides had their concerns and objectives. Gandhi wanted the release of political prisoners, the withdrawal of ordinances restricting civil liberties, and the recognition of fundamental political rights.
- Lord Irwin, on the other hand, sought to bring an end to the Civil Disobedience Movement and restore peace and stability in India.

The Terms of the Pact:
- The Gandhi-Irwin Pact consisted of eleven points that addressed the demands of both parties.
- It was agreed that all political prisoners arrested during the Civil Disobedience Movement would be released, except those charged with violence.
- The government would withdraw all ordinances that curtailed civil liberties, and the Salt Law would be reviewed.
- The pact also recognized the right of Indians to peacefully protest and express their grievances.
- Furthermore, it was agreed that Gandhi would attend the Second Round Table Conference in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress.

Significance:
- The Gandhi-Irwin Pact marked a crucial shift in the British government's approach towards the Indian independence movement. It recognized Gandhi as the primary leader of the movement and the Indian National Congress as a significant political force.
- The pact also provided a temporary respite in the agitations and allowed for a period of calm and reflection.
- However, the limitations of the pact became evident as subsequent negotiations and events failed to achieve complete independence for India.

In conclusion, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, also known as the Delhi Pact, was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin. It addressed the demands of both parties and played a significant role in shaping the course of the Indian freedom struggle.