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Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageSOCIAL SCIENCE: Julius Caesar and the Fall of the Roman RepublicCaius Julius Caesar is popularly considered thefounder of the Roman Empire, though it would bemore accurate to consider his political rise as mark-ing the end of the Roman Republic. The distinction,(5) which some would call insignificant, is more than meresemantics. The founding of the Empire rightly belongsto Caesar’s great-nephew, Augustus Caesar, who wasadopted by his uncle as his heir. The Republic had beenunder considerable stress for several years before Caius(10) Julius was born, thus he did not create the fissures thatled to the collapse of the Roman Republic, though hedid capitalize on them brilliantly. Caius Julius’ singularsuccess as a politician and general has guaranteed hima place among the most influential persons in world(15) history.Rome’s social troubles began in a land crisis.Roman armies were traditionally made up of smalllandholders—farmers who, by law, had to own a min-imum number of acres to join the military service.(20) Unfortunately, a series of wars in the late-third andearly-second centuries B.C. kept these farmers awayfrom their land, frequently leading to bankruptcy. Thesmall farm plots were taken over by the wealthy upperclass, who farmed the plots with slaves won in foreign(25) wars. With no more land to farm, the returning soldierssettled in Rome, where they added to the unemploy-ment dole and increased political instability. Adding tothe problem, once the soldiers were landless, they couldno longer enlist in the army. This led to a significant(30) problem for military recruitment.The first notable Romans to address both issueswere the reformers known as the Gracchi Brothers.Starting around 133 B.C., the older brother, TiberiusGracchus, tried to reform the system by proposing to(35) confiscate, or take, public land to distribute to returningsoldiers. He hoped this would solve the unemploymentcrisis and increase the number of men eligible for thearmy. Unfortunately, the land had been leased, often atvery low rates, to wealthy members of the Roman Sen-(40) ate. At this time, Rome was governed by two politicalbodies: the Senate and the Assembly. The Senate wasmade up of wealthy landed nobility and was often inconflict with the more populist Assembly. Not surpris-ingly, the senators bitterly fought government seizure(45) of the land, which they considered their own property.In the end, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered, though theRoman Senate passed a modified version of theGracchan land laws to quell public outrage. When theyounger brother, Gaius Gracchus, began his reforms(50) 10 years later, he was able to extend political rights tothe lower classes and reduce opportunities for briberyand corruption among the upper classes. He, too, wasmurdered for pushing the system too far.The reforms of the Gracchus brothers were soon(55) apparently championed by a new political leader, GaiusMarius, although Marius’ real fame came from his mil-itary genius—especially after he brutally halted theinvasion of German tribes into Italy. He successfullyreorganized the Roman military, in the process doing(60) away with the land requirement. Marius also chal-lenged the traditional structure of the army wherenobility were regularly given authority over lower-classofficers with more experience and ability. Julius Caesarlater exploited this reform, promoting officers based on(65) ability not class, to tremendous success in Gaul andelsewhere.Marius’ role as champion of the lower classeswas solidified when he opposed the Roman general,Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was allied with the Roman(70) Senate, who feared Marius’ ambition and influencewith the masses. Sulla believed in strengthening thepower of the Senate against the popular Assembly. To thisend, he marched his armies against Rome, defeating Marius and establish-ing himself as Dictator. While(75) Sulla eventually resigned the dictatorship peacefully,he had exiled or killed thousands of political opponentsduring his reign. Some critics say the real end of theRoman Republic occurred during the struggle betweenMarius and Sulla.(80) Julius Caesar was related by marriage to bothMarius and Sulla. Despite this patrician background,he chose to promote his connections to Marius. Likethe Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar supported the redis-tribution of public lands to the poor and protected the(85) grain supply (a large part of the unemployment dole).In his armies, he promoted ability before social rank.He was also widely seen to support the middle andlower classes against the privileges of the aristocracy,namely the Senate. The senators saw him as a traitor to(90)their class and, therefore, to the Republic itself. WhenJulius Caesar was eventually assassinated by a groupof senators, the outcry from the general populationwas completely unanticipated. The resulting politicalchaos ultimately led to the rise of Augustus Caesar(91)as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republicforever.Q.The author cites all of the following as actions of Cornelius Sulla EXCEPT:a)strengthening the power of the Senate against the Assembly.b)establishing himself as Dictator.c)peacefully resigning his dictatorship.d)successfully uniting his allies and opponents during his dictatorship.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? for ACT 2025 is part of ACT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the ACT exam syllabus. Information about Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageSOCIAL SCIENCE: Julius Caesar and the Fall of the Roman RepublicCaius Julius Caesar is popularly considered thefounder of the Roman Empire, though it would bemore accurate to consider his political rise as mark-ing the end of the Roman Republic. The distinction,(5) which some would call insignificant, is more than meresemantics. The founding of the Empire rightly belongsto Caesar’s great-nephew, Augustus Caesar, who wasadopted by his uncle as his heir. The Republic had beenunder considerable stress for several years before Caius(10) Julius was born, thus he did not create the fissures thatled to the collapse of the Roman Republic, though hedid capitalize on them brilliantly. Caius Julius’ singularsuccess as a politician and general has guaranteed hima place among the most influential persons in world(15) history.Rome’s social troubles began in a land crisis.Roman armies were traditionally made up of smalllandholders—farmers who, by law, had to own a min-imum number of acres to join the military service.(20) Unfortunately, a series of wars in the late-third andearly-second centuries B.C. kept these farmers awayfrom their land, frequently leading to bankruptcy. Thesmall farm plots were taken over by the wealthy upperclass, who farmed the plots with slaves won in foreign(25) wars. With no more land to farm, the returning soldierssettled in Rome, where they added to the unemploy-ment dole and increased political instability. Adding tothe problem, once the soldiers were landless, they couldno longer enlist in the army. This led to a significant(30) problem for military recruitment.The first notable Romans to address both issueswere the reformers known as the Gracchi Brothers.Starting around 133 B.C., the older brother, TiberiusGracchus, tried to reform the system by proposing to(35) confiscate, or take, public land to distribute to returningsoldiers. He hoped this would solve the unemploymentcrisis and increase the number of men eligible for thearmy. Unfortunately, the land had been leased, often atvery low rates, to wealthy members of the Roman Sen-(40) ate. At this time, Rome was governed by two politicalbodies: the Senate and the Assembly. The Senate wasmade up of wealthy landed nobility and was often inconflict with the more populist Assembly. Not surpris-ingly, the senators bitterly fought government seizure(45) of the land, which they considered their own property.In the end, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered, though theRoman Senate passed a modified version of theGracchan land laws to quell public outrage. When theyounger brother, Gaius Gracchus, began his reforms(50) 10 years later, he was able to extend political rights tothe lower classes and reduce opportunities for briberyand corruption among the upper classes. He, too, wasmurdered for pushing the system too far.The reforms of the Gracchus brothers were soon(55) apparently championed by a new political leader, GaiusMarius, although Marius’ real fame came from his mil-itary genius—especially after he brutally halted theinvasion of German tribes into Italy. He successfullyreorganized the Roman military, in the process doing(60) away with the land requirement. Marius also chal-lenged the traditional structure of the army wherenobility were regularly given authority over lower-classofficers with more experience and ability. Julius Caesarlater exploited this reform, promoting officers based on(65) ability not class, to tremendous success in Gaul andelsewhere.Marius’ role as champion of the lower classeswas solidified when he opposed the Roman general,Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was allied with the Roman(70) Senate, who feared Marius’ ambition and influencewith the masses. Sulla believed in strengthening thepower of the Senate against the popular Assembly. To thisend, he marched his armies against Rome, defeating Marius and establish-ing himself as Dictator. While(75) Sulla eventually resigned the dictatorship peacefully,he had exiled or killed thousands of political opponentsduring his reign. Some critics say the real end of theRoman Republic occurred during the struggle betweenMarius and Sulla.(80) Julius Caesar was related by marriage to bothMarius and Sulla. Despite this patrician background,he chose to promote his connections to Marius. Likethe Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar supported the redis-tribution of public lands to the poor and protected the(85) grain supply (a large part of the unemployment dole).In his armies, he promoted ability before social rank.He was also widely seen to support the middle andlower classes against the privileges of the aristocracy,namely the Senate. The senators saw him as a traitor to(90)their class and, therefore, to the Republic itself. WhenJulius Caesar was eventually assassinated by a groupof senators, the outcry from the general populationwas completely unanticipated. The resulting politicalchaos ultimately led to the rise of Augustus Caesar(91)as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republicforever.Q.The author cites all of the following as actions of Cornelius Sulla EXCEPT:a)strengthening the power of the Senate against the Assembly.b)establishing himself as Dictator.c)peacefully resigning his dictatorship.d)successfully uniting his allies and opponents during his dictatorship.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for ACT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageSOCIAL SCIENCE: Julius Caesar and the Fall of the Roman RepublicCaius Julius Caesar is popularly considered thefounder of the Roman Empire, though it would bemore accurate to consider his political rise as mark-ing the end of the Roman Republic. The distinction,(5) which some would call insignificant, is more than meresemantics. The founding of the Empire rightly belongsto Caesar’s great-nephew, Augustus Caesar, who wasadopted by his uncle as his heir. The Republic had beenunder considerable stress for several years before Caius(10) Julius was born, thus he did not create the fissures thatled to the collapse of the Roman Republic, though hedid capitalize on them brilliantly. Caius Julius’ singularsuccess as a politician and general has guaranteed hima place among the most influential persons in world(15) history.Rome’s social troubles began in a land crisis.Roman armies were traditionally made up of smalllandholders—farmers who, by law, had to own a min-imum number of acres to join the military service.(20) Unfortunately, a series of wars in the late-third andearly-second centuries B.C. kept these farmers awayfrom their land, frequently leading to bankruptcy. Thesmall farm plots were taken over by the wealthy upperclass, who farmed the plots with slaves won in foreign(25) wars. With no more land to farm, the returning soldierssettled in Rome, where they added to the unemploy-ment dole and increased political instability. Adding tothe problem, once the soldiers were landless, they couldno longer enlist in the army. This led to a significant(30) problem for military recruitment.The first notable Romans to address both issueswere the reformers known as the Gracchi Brothers.Starting around 133 B.C., the older brother, TiberiusGracchus, tried to reform the system by proposing to(35) confiscate, or take, public land to distribute to returningsoldiers. He hoped this would solve the unemploymentcrisis and increase the number of men eligible for thearmy. Unfortunately, the land had been leased, often atvery low rates, to wealthy members of the Roman Sen-(40) ate. At this time, Rome was governed by two politicalbodies: the Senate and the Assembly. The Senate wasmade up of wealthy landed nobility and was often inconflict with the more populist Assembly. Not surpris-ingly, the senators bitterly fought government seizure(45) of the land, which they considered their own property.In the end, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered, though theRoman Senate passed a modified version of theGracchan land laws to quell public outrage. When theyounger brother, Gaius Gracchus, began his reforms(50) 10 years later, he was able to extend political rights tothe lower classes and reduce opportunities for briberyand corruption among the upper classes. He, too, wasmurdered for pushing the system too far.The reforms of the Gracchus brothers were soon(55) apparently championed by a new political leader, GaiusMarius, although Marius’ real fame came from his mil-itary genius—especially after he brutally halted theinvasion of German tribes into Italy. He successfullyreorganized the Roman military, in the process doing(60) away with the land requirement. Marius also chal-lenged the traditional structure of the army wherenobility were regularly given authority over lower-classofficers with more experience and ability. Julius Caesarlater exploited this reform, promoting officers based on(65) ability not class, to tremendous success in Gaul andelsewhere.Marius’ role as champion of the lower classeswas solidified when he opposed the Roman general,Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was allied with the Roman(70) Senate, who feared Marius’ ambition and influencewith the masses. Sulla believed in strengthening thepower of the Senate against the popular Assembly. To thisend, he marched his armies against Rome, defeating Marius and establish-ing himself as Dictator. While(75) Sulla eventually resigned the dictatorship peacefully,he had exiled or killed thousands of political opponentsduring his reign. Some critics say the real end of theRoman Republic occurred during the struggle betweenMarius and Sulla.(80) Julius Caesar was related by marriage to bothMarius and Sulla. Despite this patrician background,he chose to promote his connections to Marius. Likethe Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar supported the redis-tribution of public lands to the poor and protected the(85) grain supply (a large part of the unemployment dole).In his armies, he promoted ability before social rank.He was also widely seen to support the middle andlower classes against the privileges of the aristocracy,namely the Senate. The senators saw him as a traitor to(90)their class and, therefore, to the Republic itself. WhenJulius Caesar was eventually assassinated by a groupof senators, the outcry from the general populationwas completely unanticipated. The resulting politicalchaos ultimately led to the rise of Augustus Caesar(91)as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republicforever.Q.The author cites all of the following as actions of Cornelius Sulla EXCEPT:a)strengthening the power of the Senate against the Assembly.b)establishing himself as Dictator.c)peacefully resigning his dictatorship.d)successfully uniting his allies and opponents during his dictatorship.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageSOCIAL SCIENCE: Julius Caesar and the Fall of the Roman RepublicCaius Julius Caesar is popularly considered thefounder of the Roman Empire, though it would bemore accurate to consider his political rise as mark-ing the end of the Roman Republic. The distinction,(5) which some would call insignificant, is more than meresemantics. The founding of the Empire rightly belongsto Caesar’s great-nephew, Augustus Caesar, who wasadopted by his uncle as his heir. The Republic had beenunder considerable stress for several years before Caius(10) Julius was born, thus he did not create the fissures thatled to the collapse of the Roman Republic, though hedid capitalize on them brilliantly. Caius Julius’ singularsuccess as a politician and general has guaranteed hima place among the most influential persons in world(15) history.Rome’s social troubles began in a land crisis.Roman armies were traditionally made up of smalllandholders—farmers who, by law, had to own a min-imum number of acres to join the military service.(20) Unfortunately, a series of wars in the late-third andearly-second centuries B.C. kept these farmers awayfrom their land, frequently leading to bankruptcy. Thesmall farm plots were taken over by the wealthy upperclass, who farmed the plots with slaves won in foreign(25) wars. With no more land to farm, the returning soldierssettled in Rome, where they added to the unemploy-ment dole and increased political instability. Adding tothe problem, once the soldiers were landless, they couldno longer enlist in the army. This led to a significant(30) problem for military recruitment.The first notable Romans to address both issueswere the reformers known as the Gracchi Brothers.Starting around 133 B.C., the older brother, TiberiusGracchus, tried to reform the system by proposing to(35) confiscate, or take, public land to distribute to returningsoldiers. He hoped this would solve the unemploymentcrisis and increase the number of men eligible for thearmy. Unfortunately, the land had been leased, often atvery low rates, to wealthy members of the Roman Sen-(40) ate. At this time, Rome was governed by two politicalbodies: the Senate and the Assembly. The Senate wasmade up of wealthy landed nobility and was often inconflict with the more populist Assembly. Not surpris-ingly, the senators bitterly fought government seizure(45) of the land, which they considered their own property.In the end, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered, though theRoman Senate passed a modified version of theGracchan land laws to quell public outrage. When theyounger brother, Gaius Gracchus, began his reforms(50) 10 years later, he was able to extend political rights tothe lower classes and reduce opportunities for briberyand corruption among the upper classes. He, too, wasmurdered for pushing the system too far.The reforms of the Gracchus brothers were soon(55) apparently championed by a new political leader, GaiusMarius, although Marius’ real fame came from his mil-itary genius—especially after he brutally halted theinvasion of German tribes into Italy. He successfullyreorganized the Roman military, in the process doing(60) away with the land requirement. Marius also chal-lenged the traditional structure of the army wherenobility were regularly given authority over lower-classofficers with more experience and ability. Julius Caesarlater exploited this reform, promoting officers based on(65) ability not class, to tremendous success in Gaul andelsewhere.Marius’ role as champion of the lower classeswas solidified when he opposed the Roman general,Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was allied with the Roman(70) Senate, who feared Marius’ ambition and influencewith the masses. Sulla believed in strengthening thepower of the Senate against the popular Assembly. To thisend, he marched his armies against Rome, defeating Marius and establish-ing himself as Dictator. While(75) Sulla eventually resigned the dictatorship peacefully,he had exiled or killed thousands of political opponentsduring his reign. Some critics say the real end of theRoman Republic occurred during the struggle betweenMarius and Sulla.(80) Julius Caesar was related by marriage to bothMarius and Sulla. Despite this patrician background,he chose to promote his connections to Marius. Likethe Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar supported the redis-tribution of public lands to the poor and protected the(85) grain supply (a large part of the unemployment dole).In his armies, he promoted ability before social rank.He was also widely seen to support the middle andlower classes against the privileges of the aristocracy,namely the Senate. The senators saw him as a traitor to(90)their class and, therefore, to the Republic itself. WhenJulius Caesar was eventually assassinated by a groupof senators, the outcry from the general populationwas completely unanticipated. The resulting politicalchaos ultimately led to the rise of Augustus Caesar(91)as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republicforever.Q.The author cites all of the following as actions of Cornelius Sulla EXCEPT:a)strengthening the power of the Senate against the Assembly.b)establishing himself as Dictator.c)peacefully resigning his dictatorship.d)successfully uniting his allies and opponents during his dictatorship.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for ACT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for ACT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageSOCIAL SCIENCE: Julius Caesar and the Fall of the Roman RepublicCaius Julius Caesar is popularly considered thefounder of the Roman Empire, though it would bemore accurate to consider his political rise as mark-ing the end of the Roman Republic. The distinction,(5) which some would call insignificant, is more than meresemantics. The founding of the Empire rightly belongsto Caesar’s great-nephew, Augustus Caesar, who wasadopted by his uncle as his heir. The Republic had beenunder considerable stress for several years before Caius(10) Julius was born, thus he did not create the fissures thatled to the collapse of the Roman Republic, though hedid capitalize on them brilliantly. Caius Julius’ singularsuccess as a politician and general has guaranteed hima place among the most influential persons in world(15) history.Rome’s social troubles began in a land crisis.Roman armies were traditionally made up of smalllandholders—farmers who, by law, had to own a min-imum number of acres to join the military service.(20) Unfortunately, a series of wars in the late-third andearly-second centuries B.C. kept these farmers awayfrom their land, frequently leading to bankruptcy. Thesmall farm plots were taken over by the wealthy upperclass, who farmed the plots with slaves won in foreign(25) wars. With no more land to farm, the returning soldierssettled in Rome, where they added to the unemploy-ment dole and increased political instability. Adding tothe problem, once the soldiers were landless, they couldno longer enlist in the army. This led to a significant(30) problem for military recruitment.The first notable Romans to address both issueswere the reformers known as the Gracchi Brothers.Starting around 133 B.C., the older brother, TiberiusGracchus, tried to reform the system by proposing to(35) confiscate, or take, public land to distribute to returningsoldiers. He hoped this would solve the unemploymentcrisis and increase the number of men eligible for thearmy. Unfortunately, the land had been leased, often atvery low rates, to wealthy members of the Roman Sen-(40) ate. At this time, Rome was governed by two politicalbodies: the Senate and the Assembly. The Senate wasmade up of wealthy landed nobility and was often inconflict with the more populist Assembly. Not surpris-ingly, the senators bitterly fought government seizure(45) of the land, which they considered their own property.In the end, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered, though theRoman Senate passed a modified version of theGracchan land laws to quell public outrage. When theyounger brother, Gaius Gracchus, began his reforms(50) 10 years later, he was able to extend political rights tothe lower classes and reduce opportunities for briberyand corruption among the upper classes. He, too, wasmurdered for pushing the system too far.The reforms of the Gracchus brothers were soon(55) apparently championed by a new political leader, GaiusMarius, although Marius’ real fame came from his mil-itary genius—especially after he brutally halted theinvasion of German tribes into Italy. He successfullyreorganized the Roman military, in the process doing(60) away with the land requirement. Marius also chal-lenged the traditional structure of the army wherenobility were regularly given authority over lower-classofficers with more experience and ability. Julius Caesarlater exploited this reform, promoting officers based on(65) ability not class, to tremendous success in Gaul andelsewhere.Marius’ role as champion of the lower classeswas solidified when he opposed the Roman general,Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was allied with the Roman(70) Senate, who feared Marius’ ambition and influencewith the masses. Sulla believed in strengthening thepower of the Senate against the popular Assembly. To thisend, he marched his armies against Rome, defeating Marius and establish-ing himself as Dictator. While(75) Sulla eventually resigned the dictatorship peacefully,he had exiled or killed thousands of political opponentsduring his reign. Some critics say the real end of theRoman Republic occurred during the struggle betweenMarius and Sulla.(80) Julius Caesar was related by marriage to bothMarius and Sulla. Despite this patrician background,he chose to promote his connections to Marius. Likethe Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar supported the redis-tribution of public lands to the poor and protected the(85) grain supply (a large part of the unemployment dole).In his armies, he promoted ability before social rank.He was also widely seen to support the middle andlower classes against the privileges of the aristocracy,namely the Senate. The senators saw him as a traitor to(90)their class and, therefore, to the Republic itself. WhenJulius Caesar was eventually assassinated by a groupof senators, the outcry from the general populationwas completely unanticipated. The resulting politicalchaos ultimately led to the rise of Augustus Caesar(91)as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republicforever.Q.The author cites all of the following as actions of Cornelius Sulla EXCEPT:a)strengthening the power of the Senate against the Assembly.b)establishing himself as Dictator.c)peacefully resigning his dictatorship.d)successfully uniting his allies and opponents during his dictatorship.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageSOCIAL SCIENCE: Julius Caesar and the Fall of the Roman RepublicCaius Julius Caesar is popularly considered thefounder of the Roman Empire, though it would bemore accurate to consider his political rise as mark-ing the end of the Roman Republic. The distinction,(5) which some would call insignificant, is more than meresemantics. The founding of the Empire rightly belongsto Caesar’s great-nephew, Augustus Caesar, who wasadopted by his uncle as his heir. The Republic had beenunder considerable stress for several years before Caius(10) Julius was born, thus he did not create the fissures thatled to the collapse of the Roman Republic, though hedid capitalize on them brilliantly. Caius Julius’ singularsuccess as a politician and general has guaranteed hima place among the most influential persons in world(15) history.Rome’s social troubles began in a land crisis.Roman armies were traditionally made up of smalllandholders—farmers who, by law, had to own a min-imum number of acres to join the military service.(20) Unfortunately, a series of wars in the late-third andearly-second centuries B.C. kept these farmers awayfrom their land, frequently leading to bankruptcy. Thesmall farm plots were taken over by the wealthy upperclass, who farmed the plots with slaves won in foreign(25) wars. With no more land to farm, the returning soldierssettled in Rome, where they added to the unemploy-ment dole and increased political instability. Adding tothe problem, once the soldiers were landless, they couldno longer enlist in the army. This led to a significant(30) problem for military recruitment.The first notable Romans to address both issueswere the reformers known as the Gracchi Brothers.Starting around 133 B.C., the older brother, TiberiusGracchus, tried to reform the system by proposing to(35) confiscate, or take, public land to distribute to returningsoldiers. He hoped this would solve the unemploymentcrisis and increase the number of men eligible for thearmy. Unfortunately, the land had been leased, often atvery low rates, to wealthy members of the Roman Sen-(40) ate. At this time, Rome was governed by two politicalbodies: the Senate and the Assembly. The Senate wasmade up of wealthy landed nobility and was often inconflict with the more populist Assembly. Not surpris-ingly, the senators bitterly fought government seizure(45) of the land, which they considered their own property.In the end, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered, though theRoman Senate passed a modified version of theGracchan land laws to quell public outrage. When theyounger brother, Gaius Gracchus, began his reforms(50) 10 years later, he was able to extend political rights tothe lower classes and reduce opportunities for briberyand corruption among the upper classes. He, too, wasmurdered for pushing the system too far.The reforms of the Gracchus brothers were soon(55) apparently championed by a new political leader, GaiusMarius, although Marius’ real fame came from his mil-itary genius—especially after he brutally halted theinvasion of German tribes into Italy. He successfullyreorganized the Roman military, in the process doing(60) away with the land requirement. Marius also chal-lenged the traditional structure of the army wherenobility were regularly given authority over lower-classofficers with more experience and ability. Julius Caesarlater exploited this reform, promoting officers based on(65) ability not class, to tremendous success in Gaul andelsewhere.Marius’ role as champion of the lower classeswas solidified when he opposed the Roman general,Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was allied with the Roman(70) Senate, who feared Marius’ ambition and influencewith the masses. Sulla believed in strengthening thepower of the Senate against the popular Assembly. To thisend, he marched his armies against Rome, defeating Marius and establish-ing himself as Dictator. While(75) Sulla eventually resigned the dictatorship peacefully,he had exiled or killed thousands of political opponentsduring his reign. Some critics say the real end of theRoman Republic occurred during the struggle betweenMarius and Sulla.(80) Julius Caesar was related by marriage to bothMarius and Sulla. Despite this patrician background,he chose to promote his connections to Marius. Likethe Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar supported the redis-tribution of public lands to the poor and protected the(85) grain supply (a large part of the unemployment dole).In his armies, he promoted ability before social rank.He was also widely seen to support the middle andlower classes against the privileges of the aristocracy,namely the Senate. The senators saw him as a traitor to(90)their class and, therefore, to the Republic itself. WhenJulius Caesar was eventually assassinated by a groupof senators, the outcry from the general populationwas completely unanticipated. The resulting politicalchaos ultimately led to the rise of Augustus Caesar(91)as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republicforever.Q.The author cites all of the following as actions of Cornelius Sulla EXCEPT:a)strengthening the power of the Senate against the Assembly.b)establishing himself as Dictator.c)peacefully resigning his dictatorship.d)successfully uniting his allies and opponents during his dictatorship.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageSOCIAL SCIENCE: Julius Caesar and the Fall of the Roman RepublicCaius Julius Caesar is popularly considered thefounder of the Roman Empire, though it would bemore accurate to consider his political rise as mark-ing the end of the Roman Republic. The distinction,(5) which some would call insignificant, is more than meresemantics. The founding of the Empire rightly belongsto Caesar’s great-nephew, Augustus Caesar, who wasadopted by his uncle as his heir. The Republic had beenunder considerable stress for several years before Caius(10) Julius was born, thus he did not create the fissures thatled to the collapse of the Roman Republic, though hedid capitalize on them brilliantly. Caius Julius’ singularsuccess as a politician and general has guaranteed hima place among the most influential persons in world(15) history.Rome’s social troubles began in a land crisis.Roman armies were traditionally made up of smalllandholders—farmers who, by law, had to own a min-imum number of acres to join the military service.(20) Unfortunately, a series of wars in the late-third andearly-second centuries B.C. kept these farmers awayfrom their land, frequently leading to bankruptcy. Thesmall farm plots were taken over by the wealthy upperclass, who farmed the plots with slaves won in foreign(25) wars. With no more land to farm, the returning soldierssettled in Rome, where they added to the unemploy-ment dole and increased political instability. Adding tothe problem, once the soldiers were landless, they couldno longer enlist in the army. This led to a significant(30) problem for military recruitment.The first notable Romans to address both issueswere the reformers known as the Gracchi Brothers.Starting around 133 B.C., the older brother, TiberiusGracchus, tried to reform the system by proposing to(35) confiscate, or take, public land to distribute to returningsoldiers. He hoped this would solve the unemploymentcrisis and increase the number of men eligible for thearmy. Unfortunately, the land had been leased, often atvery low rates, to wealthy members of the Roman Sen-(40) ate. At this time, Rome was governed by two politicalbodies: the Senate and the Assembly. The Senate wasmade up of wealthy landed nobility and was often inconflict with the more populist Assembly. Not surpris-ingly, the senators bitterly fought government seizure(45) of the land, which they considered their own property.In the end, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered, though theRoman Senate passed a modified version of theGracchan land laws to quell public outrage. When theyounger brother, Gaius Gracchus, began his reforms(50) 10 years later, he was able to extend political rights tothe lower classes and reduce opportunities for briberyand corruption among the upper classes. He, too, wasmurdered for pushing the system too far.The reforms of the Gracchus brothers were soon(55) apparently championed by a new political leader, GaiusMarius, although Marius’ real fame came from his mil-itary genius—especially after he brutally halted theinvasion of German tribes into Italy. He successfullyreorganized the Roman military, in the process doing(60) away with the land requirement. Marius also chal-lenged the traditional structure of the army wherenobility were regularly given authority over lower-classofficers with more experience and ability. Julius Caesarlater exploited this reform, promoting officers based on(65) ability not class, to tremendous success in Gaul andelsewhere.Marius’ role as champion of the lower classeswas solidified when he opposed the Roman general,Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was allied with the Roman(70) Senate, who feared Marius’ ambition and influencewith the masses. Sulla believed in strengthening thepower of the Senate against the popular Assembly. To thisend, he marched his armies against Rome, defeating Marius and establish-ing himself as Dictator. While(75) Sulla eventually resigned the dictatorship peacefully,he had exiled or killed thousands of political opponentsduring his reign. Some critics say the real end of theRoman Republic occurred during the struggle betweenMarius and Sulla.(80) Julius Caesar was related by marriage to bothMarius and Sulla. Despite this patrician background,he chose to promote his connections to Marius. Likethe Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar supported the redis-tribution of public lands to the poor and protected the(85) grain supply (a large part of the unemployment dole).In his armies, he promoted ability before social rank.He was also widely seen to support the middle andlower classes against the privileges of the aristocracy,namely the Senate. The senators saw him as a traitor to(90)their class and, therefore, to the Republic itself. WhenJulius Caesar was eventually assassinated by a groupof senators, the outcry from the general populationwas completely unanticipated. The resulting politicalchaos ultimately led to the rise of Augustus Caesar(91)as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republicforever.Q.The author cites all of the following as actions of Cornelius Sulla EXCEPT:a)strengthening the power of the Senate against the Assembly.b)establishing himself as Dictator.c)peacefully resigning his dictatorship.d)successfully uniting his allies and opponents during his dictatorship.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageSOCIAL SCIENCE: Julius Caesar and the Fall of the Roman RepublicCaius Julius Caesar is popularly considered thefounder of the Roman Empire, though it would bemore accurate to consider his political rise as mark-ing the end of the Roman Republic. The distinction,(5) which some would call insignificant, is more than meresemantics. The founding of the Empire rightly belongsto Caesar’s great-nephew, Augustus Caesar, who wasadopted by his uncle as his heir. The Republic had beenunder considerable stress for several years before Caius(10) Julius was born, thus he did not create the fissures thatled to the collapse of the Roman Republic, though hedid capitalize on them brilliantly. Caius Julius’ singularsuccess as a politician and general has guaranteed hima place among the most influential persons in world(15) history.Rome’s social troubles began in a land crisis.Roman armies were traditionally made up of smalllandholders—farmers who, by law, had to own a min-imum number of acres to join the military service.(20) Unfortunately, a series of wars in the late-third andearly-second centuries B.C. kept these farmers awayfrom their land, frequently leading to bankruptcy. Thesmall farm plots were taken over by the wealthy upperclass, who farmed the plots with slaves won in foreign(25) wars. With no more land to farm, the returning soldierssettled in Rome, where they added to the unemploy-ment dole and increased political instability. Adding tothe problem, once the soldiers were landless, they couldno longer enlist in the army. This led to a significant(30) problem for military recruitment.The first notable Romans to address both issueswere the reformers known as the Gracchi Brothers.Starting around 133 B.C., the older brother, TiberiusGracchus, tried to reform the system by proposing to(35) confiscate, or take, public land to distribute to returningsoldiers. He hoped this would solve the unemploymentcrisis and increase the number of men eligible for thearmy. Unfortunately, the land had been leased, often atvery low rates, to wealthy members of the Roman Sen-(40) ate. At this time, Rome was governed by two politicalbodies: the Senate and the Assembly. The Senate wasmade up of wealthy landed nobility and was often inconflict with the more populist Assembly. Not surpris-ingly, the senators bitterly fought government seizure(45) of the land, which they considered their own property.In the end, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered, though theRoman Senate passed a modified version of theGracchan land laws to quell public outrage. When theyounger brother, Gaius Gracchus, began his reforms(50) 10 years later, he was able to extend political rights tothe lower classes and reduce opportunities for briberyand corruption among the upper classes. He, too, wasmurdered for pushing the system too far.The reforms of the Gracchus brothers were soon(55) apparently championed by a new political leader, GaiusMarius, although Marius’ real fame came from his mil-itary genius—especially after he brutally halted theinvasion of German tribes into Italy. He successfullyreorganized the Roman military, in the process doing(60) away with the land requirement. Marius also chal-lenged the traditional structure of the army wherenobility were regularly given authority over lower-classofficers with more experience and ability. Julius Caesarlater exploited this reform, promoting officers based on(65) ability not class, to tremendous success in Gaul andelsewhere.Marius’ role as champion of the lower classeswas solidified when he opposed the Roman general,Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was allied with the Roman(70) Senate, who feared Marius’ ambition and influencewith the masses. Sulla believed in strengthening thepower of the Senate against the popular Assembly. To thisend, he marched his armies against Rome, defeating Marius and establish-ing himself as Dictator. While(75) Sulla eventually resigned the dictatorship peacefully,he had exiled or killed thousands of political opponentsduring his reign. Some critics say the real end of theRoman Republic occurred during the struggle betweenMarius and Sulla.(80) Julius Caesar was related by marriage to bothMarius and Sulla. Despite this patrician background,he chose to promote his connections to Marius. Likethe Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar supported the redis-tribution of public lands to the poor and protected the(85) grain supply (a large part of the unemployment dole).In his armies, he promoted ability before social rank.He was also widely seen to support the middle andlower classes against the privileges of the aristocracy,namely the Senate. The senators saw him as a traitor to(90)their class and, therefore, to the Republic itself. WhenJulius Caesar was eventually assassinated by a groupof senators, the outcry from the general populationwas completely unanticipated. The resulting politicalchaos ultimately led to the rise of Augustus Caesar(91)as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republicforever.Q.The author cites all of the following as actions of Cornelius Sulla EXCEPT:a)strengthening the power of the Senate against the Assembly.b)establishing himself as Dictator.c)peacefully resigning his dictatorship.d)successfully uniting his allies and opponents during his dictatorship.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageSOCIAL SCIENCE: Julius Caesar and the Fall of the Roman RepublicCaius Julius Caesar is popularly considered thefounder of the Roman Empire, though it would bemore accurate to consider his political rise as mark-ing the end of the Roman Republic. The distinction,(5) which some would call insignificant, is more than meresemantics. The founding of the Empire rightly belongsto Caesar’s great-nephew, Augustus Caesar, who wasadopted by his uncle as his heir. The Republic had beenunder considerable stress for several years before Caius(10) Julius was born, thus he did not create the fissures thatled to the collapse of the Roman Republic, though hedid capitalize on them brilliantly. Caius Julius’ singularsuccess as a politician and general has guaranteed hima place among the most influential persons in world(15) history.Rome’s social troubles began in a land crisis.Roman armies were traditionally made up of smalllandholders—farmers who, by law, had to own a min-imum number of acres to join the military service.(20) Unfortunately, a series of wars in the late-third andearly-second centuries B.C. kept these farmers awayfrom their land, frequently leading to bankruptcy. Thesmall farm plots were taken over by the wealthy upperclass, who farmed the plots with slaves won in foreign(25) wars. With no more land to farm, the returning soldierssettled in Rome, where they added to the unemploy-ment dole and increased political instability. Adding tothe problem, once the soldiers were landless, they couldno longer enlist in the army. This led to a significant(30) problem for military recruitment.The first notable Romans to address both issueswere the reformers known as the Gracchi Brothers.Starting around 133 B.C., the older brother, TiberiusGracchus, tried to reform the system by proposing to(35) confiscate, or take, public land to distribute to returningsoldiers. He hoped this would solve the unemploymentcrisis and increase the number of men eligible for thearmy. Unfortunately, the land had been leased, often atvery low rates, to wealthy members of the Roman Sen-(40) ate. At this time, Rome was governed by two politicalbodies: the Senate and the Assembly. The Senate wasmade up of wealthy landed nobility and was often inconflict with the more populist Assembly. Not surpris-ingly, the senators bitterly fought government seizure(45) of the land, which they considered their own property.In the end, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered, though theRoman Senate passed a modified version of theGracchan land laws to quell public outrage. When theyounger brother, Gaius Gracchus, began his reforms(50) 10 years later, he was able to extend political rights tothe lower classes and reduce opportunities for briberyand corruption among the upper classes. He, too, wasmurdered for pushing the system too far.The reforms of the Gracchus brothers were soon(55) apparently championed by a new political leader, GaiusMarius, although Marius’ real fame came from his mil-itary genius—especially after he brutally halted theinvasion of German tribes into Italy. He successfullyreorganized the Roman military, in the process doing(60) away with the land requirement. Marius also chal-lenged the traditional structure of the army wherenobility were regularly given authority over lower-classofficers with more experience and ability. Julius Caesarlater exploited this reform, promoting officers based on(65) ability not class, to tremendous success in Gaul andelsewhere.Marius’ role as champion of the lower classeswas solidified when he opposed the Roman general,Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was allied with the Roman(70) Senate, who feared Marius’ ambition and influencewith the masses. Sulla believed in strengthening thepower of the Senate against the popular Assembly. To thisend, he marched his armies against Rome, defeating Marius and establish-ing himself as Dictator. While(75) Sulla eventually resigned the dictatorship peacefully,he had exiled or killed thousands of political opponentsduring his reign. Some critics say the real end of theRoman Republic occurred during the struggle betweenMarius and Sulla.(80) Julius Caesar was related by marriage to bothMarius and Sulla. Despite this patrician background,he chose to promote his connections to Marius. Likethe Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar supported the redis-tribution of public lands to the poor and protected the(85) grain supply (a large part of the unemployment dole).In his armies, he promoted ability before social rank.He was also widely seen to support the middle andlower classes against the privileges of the aristocracy,namely the Senate. The senators saw him as a traitor to(90)their class and, therefore, to the Republic itself. WhenJulius Caesar was eventually assassinated by a groupof senators, the outcry from the general populationwas completely unanticipated. The resulting politicalchaos ultimately led to the rise of Augustus Caesar(91)as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republicforever.Q.The author cites all of the following as actions of Cornelius Sulla EXCEPT:a)strengthening the power of the Senate against the Assembly.b)establishing himself as Dictator.c)peacefully resigning his dictatorship.d)successfully uniting his allies and opponents during his dictatorship.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice ACT tests.