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Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.
This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.
Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,
rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.
Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming around
garbage cans can seem like annoying pests at
(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,
scavengers have been known to spread diseases
such as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonic
plague, so it's no surprise that they are the focus
of a huge extermination industry. But our habit of
(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an important
fact: scavenger relationships are essential to all
complex life.
The selective pressures of scavenger behavior
accelerate the evolution of social intelligence.
(15) For thousands of generations, some scavenger
species have struggled to outwit the wily hunters
with whom they compete for scraps. They
must predict, plan, and communicate as they
approach a carcass in order to avoid becoming
(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters like
Homo sapiens had to become more clever to
protect their meat from these thieves. This social
interaction has allowed at least one scavenger
species to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:
(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.
Your pet terrier would not be such a faithful
companion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, had
not spend so much time picking over the trash
of our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we
(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines of
wolves from freeloading foragers into friendly
Frisbee-fetchers.
Even less perspicacious scavengers play
a vital role in complex ecosystems, often in
(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulates
rapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpass
the total mass of fish by 2050), and toxic
chemical waste continues to be dumped into
our water supplies, the role of one particular
(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has become
critical. These creatures break down complex
molecules into simpler ones in a process called
biodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, a
naturally occurring marine bacterium, can
(45) digest petroleum and convert it into food
energy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum and
plastics are energy-rich organic molecules
much like starches, fats, and proteins, so
the idea that they can be used as food by
(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemically
far-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanup
crews encourage this biodegradation by using
chemical dispersant to break the petroleum
into smaller droplets, thereby creating more
(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Another
decomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able to
greatly accelerate the breakdown of polyester
polyurethane, a petroleum product and one of
the more durable plastics in our landfills and
(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yet
to discover a practical method for harnessing
A. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigation
systems, such bio-technological solutions may
not be far off.
(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunists
goes deeper still: our digestive processes,
blood pressure, and immune system depend
on thousands of species of scavenger bacteria
that live primarily in our gut and make up our
(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricate
chemical pathways of the gut and perform duties
that, under normal circumstances, keep things
running smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,
our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,
(75) often compromise healthy systemic function by
destroying healthful bacteria as well as harmful
ones. For instance, humans with depleted levels
of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestines
have higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like
(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Research
into how these microorganisms has exploded
in recent years, particularly regarding how they
interact with human chemistry to regulate our
hormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.
* human-centered
* species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.
This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.
Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,
rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.
Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming around
garbage cans can seem like annoying pests at
(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,
scavengers have been known to spread diseases
such as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonic
plague, so it's no surprise that they are the focus
of a huge extermination industry. But our habit of
(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an important
fact: scavenger relationships are essential to all
complex life.
The selective pressures of scavenger behavior
accelerate the evolution of social intelligence.
(15) For thousands of generations, some scavenger
species have struggled to outwit the wily hunters
with whom they compete for scraps. They
must predict, plan, and communicate as they
approach a carcass in order to avoid becoming
(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters like
Homo sapiens had to become more clever to
protect their meat from these thieves. This social
interaction has allowed at least one scavenger
species to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:
(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.
Your pet terrier would not be such a faithful
companion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, had
not spend so much time picking over the trash
of our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we
(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines of
wolves from freeloading foragers into friendly
Frisbee-fetchers.
Even less perspicacious scavengers play
a vital role in complex ecosystems, often in
(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulates
rapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpass
the total mass of fish by 2050), and toxic
chemical waste continues to be dumped into
our water supplies, the role of one particular
(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has become
critical. These creatures break down complex
molecules into simpler ones in a process called
biodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, a
naturally occurring marine bacterium, can
(45) digest petroleum and convert it into food
energy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum and
plastics are energy-rich organic molecules
much like starches, fats, and proteins, so
the idea that they can be used as food by
(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemically
far-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanup
crews encourage this biodegradation by using
chemical dispersant to break the petroleum
into smaller droplets, thereby creating more
(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Another
decomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able to
greatly accelerate the breakdown of polyester
polyurethane, a petroleum product and one of
the more durable plastics in our landfills and
(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yet
to discover a practical method for harnessing
A. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigation
systems, such bio-technological solutions may
not be far off.
(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunists
goes deeper still: our digestive processes,
blood pressure, and immune system depend
on thousands of species of scavenger bacteria
that live primarily in our gut and make up our
(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricate
chemical pathways of the gut and perform duties
that, under normal circumstances, keep things
running smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,
our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,
(75) often compromise healthy systemic function by
destroying healthful bacteria as well as harmful
ones. For instance, humans with depleted levels
of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestines
have higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like
(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Research
into how these microorganisms has exploded
in recent years, particularly regarding how they
interact with human chemistry to regulate our
hormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.
* human-centered
* species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.
Q. This passage primarily serves to
- a)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.
- b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.
- c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.
- d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Most Upvoted Answer
Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.Thi...
The passage begins by saying our negative view of scavengers ignores an important fact: scavenger relationships are essential to all complex life (lines 10-12). The second paragraph describes how scavenger behavior drives social intelligence, as with dogs. The third describes how decomposers break down petroleum and plastics in the environment. The fourth discusses how scavenger bacteria in the human gut help to regulate our bodily systems. As a whole, then, the passage serves to explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans. Choice A is wrong because the passage does not discuss ways of preserving ecosystems. Choice C is wrong because social intelligence is only discussed in the second paragraph. Choice D is wrong because the passage does not discuss ways of avoiding the diseases that [scavengers] spread.
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Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Question Description
Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? for SAT 2025 is part of SAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the SAT exam syllabus. Information about Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for SAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?.
Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? for SAT 2025 is part of SAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the SAT exam syllabus. Information about Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for SAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?.
Solutions for Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for SAT.
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Here you can find the meaning of Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of
Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an
ample number of questions to practice Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is from A. R. Kirchoff, “The New Ecosystems of the Anthropocene" ©2017 by College Hill Coaching.Scavengers—animals that feed on carcasses,rotting plants, or waste—get a bad rap.Yellowjackets and raccoons swarming aroundgarbage cans can seem like annoying pests at(5) best and germ-infested monsters at worst. Indeed,scavengers have been known to spread diseasessuch as meningitis, leptospirosis, and bubonicplague, so its no surprise that they are the focusof a huge extermination industry. But our habit of(10) eradicating irksome species ignores an importantfact: scavenger relationships are essential to allcomplex life.The selective pressures of scavenger behavioraccelerate the evolution of social intelligence.(15) For thousands of generations, some scavengerspecies have struggled to outwit the wily hunterswith whom they compete for scraps. Theymust predict, plan, and communicate as theyapproach a carcass in order to avoid becoming(20) the next prey. At the same time, hunters likeHomo sapiens had to become more clever toprotect their meat from these thieves. This socialinteraction has allowed at least one scavengerspecies to thrive in an anthropocentric* world:(25) Canis lupus familiaris—the domesticated dog.Your pet terrier would not be such a faithfulcompanion if its ancestor, the grey wolf, hadnot spend so much time picking over the trashof our hunter forebears. In just 20,000 years, we(30) have become symbionts,* turning a few lines ofwolves from freeloading foragers into friendlyFrisbee-fetchers.Even less perspicacious scavengers playa vital role in complex ecosystems, often in(35) unexpected ways. As plastic waste accumulatesrapidly in the ocean (and is expected to surpassthe total mass of fish by 2050), and toxicchemical waste continues to be dumped intoour water supplies, the role of one particular(40) class of scavenger, the decomposers, has becomecritical. These creatures break down complexmolecules into simpler ones in a process calledbiodegradation. Alcanivorax borkumensis, anaturally occurring marine bacterium, can(45) digest petroleum and convert it into foodenergy. Hydrocarbons like petroleum andplastics are energy-rich organic moleculesmuch like starches, fats, and proteins, sothe idea that they can be used as food by(50) opportunistic organisms is not so biochemicallyfar-fetched. After crude oil spills, cleanupcrews encourage this biodegradation by usingchemical dispersant to break the petroleuminto smaller droplets, thereby creating more(55) surface area for the bacteria to attack. Anotherdecomposer, Aspergillus tubingensis, is able togreatly accelerate the breakdown of polyesterpolyurethane, a petroleum product and one ofthe more durable plastics in our landfills and(60) oceans. Although environmentalists have yetto discover a practical method for harnessingA. tubingensis in large-scale waste mitigationsystems, such bio-technological solutions maynot be far off.(65) Our dependence on unicellular opportunistsgoes deeper still: our digestive processes,blood pressure, and immune system dependon thousands of species of scavenger bacteriathat live primarily in our gut and make up our(70) microbiome. These organisms patrol the intricatechemical pathways of the gut and perform dutiesthat, under normal circumstances, keep thingsrunning smoothly. The overuse of antibiotics,our favorite pharmaceutical pest-control system,(75) often compromise healthy systemic function bydestroying healthful bacteria as well as harmfulones. For instance, humans with depleted levelsof Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in their intestineshave higher rates of chronic bowel diseases like(80) ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Researchinto how these microorganisms has explodedin recent years, particularly regarding how theyinteract with human chemistry to regulate ourhormones, our blood sugar, and even our mood.*human-centered*species that live together in a mutually supportive relationship.Q.This passage primarily serves toa)examine several specific ecosystems that are currently dominated by scavengers and discuss ways of preserving those ecosystems.b)explore various ways in which scavengers can be beneficial to different ecosystems that are relevant to humans.c)explain how scavengers acquire intelligent behavior through a long evolutionary process involving interaction with humans.d)discuss the ways that humans can exploit the beneficial behaviors of scavengers while avoiding the diseases that they spread.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice SAT tests.
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