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Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: El Nino: A Meteorological EnigmaAlmost any mention of climate change bringsthoughts of global warming, complete with mentalimages of rising seas and melting ice caps. Whilefew reputable scientists contest the reality of global(5) warming, most climatologists are also aware of otherpowerful meteorological phenomena that shape theweather on a daily, seasonal, or even multi-year basis.In fact, these “background oscillations,” or fluctua-tions, appear to cause major climate shifts every few(10) decades. Among the most influential are the NorthPacific Oscillation (NPO), the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ofthese, probably the best-known is the El Nino-Southern(15) Oscillation, popularly called “El Nino.”The term El Nino was first reported in scien-tific circles in 1892. It originally referred to a localevent: an annual, weak, warm ocean current thatfishermen discovered along the central western coast(20) of South America. The current was most noticeablearound Christmastime, which led to its name becauseEl Nino is Spanish for “little boy” and is frequentlyused when referring to the Christ Child. (The reversephenomenon, a cold ocean current, is known by a(25) corresponding term, La Nina, Spanish for “little girl.”)Along this area of South America, El Ninos reducethe upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustainslarge fish populations. Predators such as larger fish andsea birds depend on these populations for survival, as(30) do local fisheries.As climatology developed as a discipline, scien-tists discovered that both trends in the current werepart of a larger phenomenon affecting global climatepatterns, the Southern Oscillation. The definition of(35) El Nino has therefore expanded and continues tochange as climate researchers compile more data. Nowscientists say that during El Ninos, sea-surface tem-peratures over a large part of the central Pacific climbabove normal and stay high for many months. This(40) creates a large pool of warm water that coincides witha change in wind patterns. The shift in wind patternschanges where evaporation takes place. Together, thewarm water and shifting wind affect where storms formand where rainfall occurs on a global level.(45) Most of the time, strong El Ninos bring wetwinters to the Southwestern United States and milderwinters to the Midwest. They tend to bring dry condi-tions to Indonesia and northern Australia. They gener-ally occur every two to seven years. La Ninas usually,(50) but not always, follow El Ninos. During La Ninas,water temperatures in the Central Pacific drop belownormal, and weather patterns shift in the other direc-tion. Together, the El Nino and La Nina cyclescomplete the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).(55) ENSO weather oscillations are discrete from theNPO, NAO, and PDO weather patterns. This meansone oscillation does not cause or usually influence theothers. Sometimes, however, the various oscillations“beat” together at the same frequency, causing the(60) fluctuations to be synchronized. When this happens,scientists say the resulting weather can be intensified.Weather effects can be damaging. The warmingpatterns of El Nino are one of the leading causesof natural damage to coral reefs, while wider ENSO(65) fluctuations may cause flooding or drought to occuron land. In these cases, extreme shifts can cause eco-nomic pressure by disrupting entire fishing industries ordamaging crops.Sometimes, pressure caused by intense weather(70) can have unexpected political effects. Some scientistsargue that unusually cold weather brought by a strongEl Nino phenomenon caused significant crop damagein 1788-89, which many say contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Other climate researchers claim that strong(75) oscillation coupling, combined with strong El Ninosin the late 1930s and early 1940s, led to a profoundcold snap in Northern Europe in the middle of theSecond World War. The scientists argue that this unex-pected cold snap significantly contributed to the failure(80) of Germany to capture Moscow, which changed thecourse of World War II.ENSO phenomena, along with the other threeoscillations, are separate from those attributed to globalwarming. The causes are completely independent.(85) However, because El Nino and global warming bothcan result in strong temperature variability, disruptiverain distribution, and extreme damage to a variety ofecosystems, any synchronicity will be closely observedby scientists seeking to document the total effects(90) of each.Q.As presented in the passage, the statements in lines 49–81 are best characterized as:a)facts based on careful historical and scientific documents.b)speculation based on rumor and hearsay.c)hypotheses supported by evidence.d)estimates based on data.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? for ACT 2025 is part of ACT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the ACT exam syllabus. Information about Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: El Nino: A Meteorological EnigmaAlmost any mention of climate change bringsthoughts of global warming, complete with mentalimages of rising seas and melting ice caps. Whilefew reputable scientists contest the reality of global(5) warming, most climatologists are also aware of otherpowerful meteorological phenomena that shape theweather on a daily, seasonal, or even multi-year basis.In fact, these “background oscillations,” or fluctua-tions, appear to cause major climate shifts every few(10) decades. Among the most influential are the NorthPacific Oscillation (NPO), the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ofthese, probably the best-known is the El Nino-Southern(15) Oscillation, popularly called “El Nino.”The term El Nino was first reported in scien-tific circles in 1892. It originally referred to a localevent: an annual, weak, warm ocean current thatfishermen discovered along the central western coast(20) of South America. The current was most noticeablearound Christmastime, which led to its name becauseEl Nino is Spanish for “little boy” and is frequentlyused when referring to the Christ Child. (The reversephenomenon, a cold ocean current, is known by a(25) corresponding term, La Nina, Spanish for “little girl.”)Along this area of South America, El Ninos reducethe upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustainslarge fish populations. Predators such as larger fish andsea birds depend on these populations for survival, as(30) do local fisheries.As climatology developed as a discipline, scien-tists discovered that both trends in the current werepart of a larger phenomenon affecting global climatepatterns, the Southern Oscillation. The definition of(35) El Nino has therefore expanded and continues tochange as climate researchers compile more data. Nowscientists say that during El Ninos, sea-surface tem-peratures over a large part of the central Pacific climbabove normal and stay high for many months. This(40) creates a large pool of warm water that coincides witha change in wind patterns. The shift in wind patternschanges where evaporation takes place. Together, thewarm water and shifting wind affect where storms formand where rainfall occurs on a global level.(45) Most of the time, strong El Ninos bring wetwinters to the Southwestern United States and milderwinters to the Midwest. They tend to bring dry condi-tions to Indonesia and northern Australia. They gener-ally occur every two to seven years. La Ninas usually,(50) but not always, follow El Ninos. During La Ninas,water temperatures in the Central Pacific drop belownormal, and weather patterns shift in the other direc-tion. Together, the El Nino and La Nina cyclescomplete the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).(55) ENSO weather oscillations are discrete from theNPO, NAO, and PDO weather patterns. This meansone oscillation does not cause or usually influence theothers. Sometimes, however, the various oscillations“beat” together at the same frequency, causing the(60) fluctuations to be synchronized. When this happens,scientists say the resulting weather can be intensified.Weather effects can be damaging. The warmingpatterns of El Nino are one of the leading causesof natural damage to coral reefs, while wider ENSO(65) fluctuations may cause flooding or drought to occuron land. In these cases, extreme shifts can cause eco-nomic pressure by disrupting entire fishing industries ordamaging crops.Sometimes, pressure caused by intense weather(70) can have unexpected political effects. Some scientistsargue that unusually cold weather brought by a strongEl Nino phenomenon caused significant crop damagein 1788-89, which many say contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Other climate researchers claim that strong(75) oscillation coupling, combined with strong El Ninosin the late 1930s and early 1940s, led to a profoundcold snap in Northern Europe in the middle of theSecond World War. The scientists argue that this unex-pected cold snap significantly contributed to the failure(80) of Germany to capture Moscow, which changed thecourse of World War II.ENSO phenomena, along with the other threeoscillations, are separate from those attributed to globalwarming. The causes are completely independent.(85) However, because El Nino and global warming bothcan result in strong temperature variability, disruptiverain distribution, and extreme damage to a variety ofecosystems, any synchronicity will be closely observedby scientists seeking to document the total effects(90) of each.Q.As presented in the passage, the statements in lines 49–81 are best characterized as:a)facts based on careful historical and scientific documents.b)speculation based on rumor and hearsay.c)hypotheses supported by evidence.d)estimates based on data.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for ACT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: El Nino: A Meteorological EnigmaAlmost any mention of climate change bringsthoughts of global warming, complete with mentalimages of rising seas and melting ice caps. Whilefew reputable scientists contest the reality of global(5) warming, most climatologists are also aware of otherpowerful meteorological phenomena that shape theweather on a daily, seasonal, or even multi-year basis.In fact, these “background oscillations,” or fluctua-tions, appear to cause major climate shifts every few(10) decades. Among the most influential are the NorthPacific Oscillation (NPO), the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ofthese, probably the best-known is the El Nino-Southern(15) Oscillation, popularly called “El Nino.”The term El Nino was first reported in scien-tific circles in 1892. It originally referred to a localevent: an annual, weak, warm ocean current thatfishermen discovered along the central western coast(20) of South America. The current was most noticeablearound Christmastime, which led to its name becauseEl Nino is Spanish for “little boy” and is frequentlyused when referring to the Christ Child. (The reversephenomenon, a cold ocean current, is known by a(25) corresponding term, La Nina, Spanish for “little girl.”)Along this area of South America, El Ninos reducethe upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustainslarge fish populations. Predators such as larger fish andsea birds depend on these populations for survival, as(30) do local fisheries.As climatology developed as a discipline, scien-tists discovered that both trends in the current werepart of a larger phenomenon affecting global climatepatterns, the Southern Oscillation. The definition of(35) El Nino has therefore expanded and continues tochange as climate researchers compile more data. Nowscientists say that during El Ninos, sea-surface tem-peratures over a large part of the central Pacific climbabove normal and stay high for many months. This(40) creates a large pool of warm water that coincides witha change in wind patterns. The shift in wind patternschanges where evaporation takes place. Together, thewarm water and shifting wind affect where storms formand where rainfall occurs on a global level.(45) Most of the time, strong El Ninos bring wetwinters to the Southwestern United States and milderwinters to the Midwest. They tend to bring dry condi-tions to Indonesia and northern Australia. They gener-ally occur every two to seven years. La Ninas usually,(50) but not always, follow El Ninos. During La Ninas,water temperatures in the Central Pacific drop belownormal, and weather patterns shift in the other direc-tion. Together, the El Nino and La Nina cyclescomplete the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).(55) ENSO weather oscillations are discrete from theNPO, NAO, and PDO weather patterns. This meansone oscillation does not cause or usually influence theothers. Sometimes, however, the various oscillations“beat” together at the same frequency, causing the(60) fluctuations to be synchronized. When this happens,scientists say the resulting weather can be intensified.Weather effects can be damaging. The warmingpatterns of El Nino are one of the leading causesof natural damage to coral reefs, while wider ENSO(65) fluctuations may cause flooding or drought to occuron land. In these cases, extreme shifts can cause eco-nomic pressure by disrupting entire fishing industries ordamaging crops.Sometimes, pressure caused by intense weather(70) can have unexpected political effects. Some scientistsargue that unusually cold weather brought by a strongEl Nino phenomenon caused significant crop damagein 1788-89, which many say contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Other climate researchers claim that strong(75) oscillation coupling, combined with strong El Ninosin the late 1930s and early 1940s, led to a profoundcold snap in Northern Europe in the middle of theSecond World War. The scientists argue that this unex-pected cold snap significantly contributed to the failure(80) of Germany to capture Moscow, which changed thecourse of World War II.ENSO phenomena, along with the other threeoscillations, are separate from those attributed to globalwarming. The causes are completely independent.(85) However, because El Nino and global warming bothcan result in strong temperature variability, disruptiverain distribution, and extreme damage to a variety ofecosystems, any synchronicity will be closely observedby scientists seeking to document the total effects(90) of each.Q.As presented in the passage, the statements in lines 49–81 are best characterized as:a)facts based on careful historical and scientific documents.b)speculation based on rumor and hearsay.c)hypotheses supported by evidence.d)estimates based on data.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: El Nino: A Meteorological EnigmaAlmost any mention of climate change bringsthoughts of global warming, complete with mentalimages of rising seas and melting ice caps. Whilefew reputable scientists contest the reality of global(5) warming, most climatologists are also aware of otherpowerful meteorological phenomena that shape theweather on a daily, seasonal, or even multi-year basis.In fact, these “background oscillations,” or fluctua-tions, appear to cause major climate shifts every few(10) decades. Among the most influential are the NorthPacific Oscillation (NPO), the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ofthese, probably the best-known is the El Nino-Southern(15) Oscillation, popularly called “El Nino.”The term El Nino was first reported in scien-tific circles in 1892. It originally referred to a localevent: an annual, weak, warm ocean current thatfishermen discovered along the central western coast(20) of South America. The current was most noticeablearound Christmastime, which led to its name becauseEl Nino is Spanish for “little boy” and is frequentlyused when referring to the Christ Child. (The reversephenomenon, a cold ocean current, is known by a(25) corresponding term, La Nina, Spanish for “little girl.”)Along this area of South America, El Ninos reducethe upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustainslarge fish populations. Predators such as larger fish andsea birds depend on these populations for survival, as(30) do local fisheries.As climatology developed as a discipline, scien-tists discovered that both trends in the current werepart of a larger phenomenon affecting global climatepatterns, the Southern Oscillation. The definition of(35) El Nino has therefore expanded and continues tochange as climate researchers compile more data. Nowscientists say that during El Ninos, sea-surface tem-peratures over a large part of the central Pacific climbabove normal and stay high for many months. This(40) creates a large pool of warm water that coincides witha change in wind patterns. The shift in wind patternschanges where evaporation takes place. Together, thewarm water and shifting wind affect where storms formand where rainfall occurs on a global level.(45) Most of the time, strong El Ninos bring wetwinters to the Southwestern United States and milderwinters to the Midwest. They tend to bring dry condi-tions to Indonesia and northern Australia. They gener-ally occur every two to seven years. La Ninas usually,(50) but not always, follow El Ninos. During La Ninas,water temperatures in the Central Pacific drop belownormal, and weather patterns shift in the other direc-tion. Together, the El Nino and La Nina cyclescomplete the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).(55) ENSO weather oscillations are discrete from theNPO, NAO, and PDO weather patterns. This meansone oscillation does not cause or usually influence theothers. Sometimes, however, the various oscillations“beat” together at the same frequency, causing the(60) fluctuations to be synchronized. When this happens,scientists say the resulting weather can be intensified.Weather effects can be damaging. The warmingpatterns of El Nino are one of the leading causesof natural damage to coral reefs, while wider ENSO(65) fluctuations may cause flooding or drought to occuron land. In these cases, extreme shifts can cause eco-nomic pressure by disrupting entire fishing industries ordamaging crops.Sometimes, pressure caused by intense weather(70) can have unexpected political effects. Some scientistsargue that unusually cold weather brought by a strongEl Nino phenomenon caused significant crop damagein 1788-89, which many say contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Other climate researchers claim that strong(75) oscillation coupling, combined with strong El Ninosin the late 1930s and early 1940s, led to a profoundcold snap in Northern Europe in the middle of theSecond World War. The scientists argue that this unex-pected cold snap significantly contributed to the failure(80) of Germany to capture Moscow, which changed thecourse of World War II.ENSO phenomena, along with the other threeoscillations, are separate from those attributed to globalwarming. The causes are completely independent.(85) However, because El Nino and global warming bothcan result in strong temperature variability, disruptiverain distribution, and extreme damage to a variety ofecosystems, any synchronicity will be closely observedby scientists seeking to document the total effects(90) of each.Q.As presented in the passage, the statements in lines 49–81 are best characterized as:a)facts based on careful historical and scientific documents.b)speculation based on rumor and hearsay.c)hypotheses supported by evidence.d)estimates based on data.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for ACT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for ACT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: El Nino: A Meteorological EnigmaAlmost any mention of climate change bringsthoughts of global warming, complete with mentalimages of rising seas and melting ice caps. Whilefew reputable scientists contest the reality of global(5) warming, most climatologists are also aware of otherpowerful meteorological phenomena that shape theweather on a daily, seasonal, or even multi-year basis.In fact, these “background oscillations,” or fluctua-tions, appear to cause major climate shifts every few(10) decades. Among the most influential are the NorthPacific Oscillation (NPO), the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ofthese, probably the best-known is the El Nino-Southern(15) Oscillation, popularly called “El Nino.”The term El Nino was first reported in scien-tific circles in 1892. It originally referred to a localevent: an annual, weak, warm ocean current thatfishermen discovered along the central western coast(20) of South America. The current was most noticeablearound Christmastime, which led to its name becauseEl Nino is Spanish for “little boy” and is frequentlyused when referring to the Christ Child. (The reversephenomenon, a cold ocean current, is known by a(25) corresponding term, La Nina, Spanish for “little girl.”)Along this area of South America, El Ninos reducethe upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustainslarge fish populations. Predators such as larger fish andsea birds depend on these populations for survival, as(30) do local fisheries.As climatology developed as a discipline, scien-tists discovered that both trends in the current werepart of a larger phenomenon affecting global climatepatterns, the Southern Oscillation. The definition of(35) El Nino has therefore expanded and continues tochange as climate researchers compile more data. Nowscientists say that during El Ninos, sea-surface tem-peratures over a large part of the central Pacific climbabove normal and stay high for many months. This(40) creates a large pool of warm water that coincides witha change in wind patterns. The shift in wind patternschanges where evaporation takes place. Together, thewarm water and shifting wind affect where storms formand where rainfall occurs on a global level.(45) Most of the time, strong El Ninos bring wetwinters to the Southwestern United States and milderwinters to the Midwest. They tend to bring dry condi-tions to Indonesia and northern Australia. They gener-ally occur every two to seven years. La Ninas usually,(50) but not always, follow El Ninos. During La Ninas,water temperatures in the Central Pacific drop belownormal, and weather patterns shift in the other direc-tion. Together, the El Nino and La Nina cyclescomplete the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).(55) ENSO weather oscillations are discrete from theNPO, NAO, and PDO weather patterns. This meansone oscillation does not cause or usually influence theothers. Sometimes, however, the various oscillations“beat” together at the same frequency, causing the(60) fluctuations to be synchronized. When this happens,scientists say the resulting weather can be intensified.Weather effects can be damaging. The warmingpatterns of El Nino are one of the leading causesof natural damage to coral reefs, while wider ENSO(65) fluctuations may cause flooding or drought to occuron land. In these cases, extreme shifts can cause eco-nomic pressure by disrupting entire fishing industries ordamaging crops.Sometimes, pressure caused by intense weather(70) can have unexpected political effects. Some scientistsargue that unusually cold weather brought by a strongEl Nino phenomenon caused significant crop damagein 1788-89, which many say contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Other climate researchers claim that strong(75) oscillation coupling, combined with strong El Ninosin the late 1930s and early 1940s, led to a profoundcold snap in Northern Europe in the middle of theSecond World War. The scientists argue that this unex-pected cold snap significantly contributed to the failure(80) of Germany to capture Moscow, which changed thecourse of World War II.ENSO phenomena, along with the other threeoscillations, are separate from those attributed to globalwarming. The causes are completely independent.(85) However, because El Nino and global warming bothcan result in strong temperature variability, disruptiverain distribution, and extreme damage to a variety ofecosystems, any synchronicity will be closely observedby scientists seeking to document the total effects(90) of each.Q.As presented in the passage, the statements in lines 49–81 are best characterized as:a)facts based on careful historical and scientific documents.b)speculation based on rumor and hearsay.c)hypotheses supported by evidence.d)estimates based on data.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: El Nino: A Meteorological EnigmaAlmost any mention of climate change bringsthoughts of global warming, complete with mentalimages of rising seas and melting ice caps. Whilefew reputable scientists contest the reality of global(5) warming, most climatologists are also aware of otherpowerful meteorological phenomena that shape theweather on a daily, seasonal, or even multi-year basis.In fact, these “background oscillations,” or fluctua-tions, appear to cause major climate shifts every few(10) decades. Among the most influential are the NorthPacific Oscillation (NPO), the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ofthese, probably the best-known is the El Nino-Southern(15) Oscillation, popularly called “El Nino.”The term El Nino was first reported in scien-tific circles in 1892. It originally referred to a localevent: an annual, weak, warm ocean current thatfishermen discovered along the central western coast(20) of South America. The current was most noticeablearound Christmastime, which led to its name becauseEl Nino is Spanish for “little boy” and is frequentlyused when referring to the Christ Child. (The reversephenomenon, a cold ocean current, is known by a(25) corresponding term, La Nina, Spanish for “little girl.”)Along this area of South America, El Ninos reducethe upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustainslarge fish populations. Predators such as larger fish andsea birds depend on these populations for survival, as(30) do local fisheries.As climatology developed as a discipline, scien-tists discovered that both trends in the current werepart of a larger phenomenon affecting global climatepatterns, the Southern Oscillation. The definition of(35) El Nino has therefore expanded and continues tochange as climate researchers compile more data. Nowscientists say that during El Ninos, sea-surface tem-peratures over a large part of the central Pacific climbabove normal and stay high for many months. This(40) creates a large pool of warm water that coincides witha change in wind patterns. The shift in wind patternschanges where evaporation takes place. Together, thewarm water and shifting wind affect where storms formand where rainfall occurs on a global level.(45) Most of the time, strong El Ninos bring wetwinters to the Southwestern United States and milderwinters to the Midwest. They tend to bring dry condi-tions to Indonesia and northern Australia. They gener-ally occur every two to seven years. La Ninas usually,(50) but not always, follow El Ninos. During La Ninas,water temperatures in the Central Pacific drop belownormal, and weather patterns shift in the other direc-tion. Together, the El Nino and La Nina cyclescomplete the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).(55) ENSO weather oscillations are discrete from theNPO, NAO, and PDO weather patterns. This meansone oscillation does not cause or usually influence theothers. Sometimes, however, the various oscillations“beat” together at the same frequency, causing the(60) fluctuations to be synchronized. When this happens,scientists say the resulting weather can be intensified.Weather effects can be damaging. The warmingpatterns of El Nino are one of the leading causesof natural damage to coral reefs, while wider ENSO(65) fluctuations may cause flooding or drought to occuron land. In these cases, extreme shifts can cause eco-nomic pressure by disrupting entire fishing industries ordamaging crops.Sometimes, pressure caused by intense weather(70) can have unexpected political effects. Some scientistsargue that unusually cold weather brought by a strongEl Nino phenomenon caused significant crop damagein 1788-89, which many say contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Other climate researchers claim that strong(75) oscillation coupling, combined with strong El Ninosin the late 1930s and early 1940s, led to a profoundcold snap in Northern Europe in the middle of theSecond World War. The scientists argue that this unex-pected cold snap significantly contributed to the failure(80) of Germany to capture Moscow, which changed thecourse of World War II.ENSO phenomena, along with the other threeoscillations, are separate from those attributed to globalwarming. The causes are completely independent.(85) However, because El Nino and global warming bothcan result in strong temperature variability, disruptiverain distribution, and extreme damage to a variety ofecosystems, any synchronicity will be closely observedby scientists seeking to document the total effects(90) of each.Q.As presented in the passage, the statements in lines 49–81 are best characterized as:a)facts based on careful historical and scientific documents.b)speculation based on rumor and hearsay.c)hypotheses supported by evidence.d)estimates based on data.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: El Nino: A Meteorological EnigmaAlmost any mention of climate change bringsthoughts of global warming, complete with mentalimages of rising seas and melting ice caps. Whilefew reputable scientists contest the reality of global(5) warming, most climatologists are also aware of otherpowerful meteorological phenomena that shape theweather on a daily, seasonal, or even multi-year basis.In fact, these “background oscillations,” or fluctua-tions, appear to cause major climate shifts every few(10) decades. Among the most influential are the NorthPacific Oscillation (NPO), the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ofthese, probably the best-known is the El Nino-Southern(15) Oscillation, popularly called “El Nino.”The term El Nino was first reported in scien-tific circles in 1892. It originally referred to a localevent: an annual, weak, warm ocean current thatfishermen discovered along the central western coast(20) of South America. The current was most noticeablearound Christmastime, which led to its name becauseEl Nino is Spanish for “little boy” and is frequentlyused when referring to the Christ Child. (The reversephenomenon, a cold ocean current, is known by a(25) corresponding term, La Nina, Spanish for “little girl.”)Along this area of South America, El Ninos reducethe upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustainslarge fish populations. Predators such as larger fish andsea birds depend on these populations for survival, as(30) do local fisheries.As climatology developed as a discipline, scien-tists discovered that both trends in the current werepart of a larger phenomenon affecting global climatepatterns, the Southern Oscillation. The definition of(35) El Nino has therefore expanded and continues tochange as climate researchers compile more data. Nowscientists say that during El Ninos, sea-surface tem-peratures over a large part of the central Pacific climbabove normal and stay high for many months. This(40) creates a large pool of warm water that coincides witha change in wind patterns. The shift in wind patternschanges where evaporation takes place. Together, thewarm water and shifting wind affect where storms formand where rainfall occurs on a global level.(45) Most of the time, strong El Ninos bring wetwinters to the Southwestern United States and milderwinters to the Midwest. They tend to bring dry condi-tions to Indonesia and northern Australia. They gener-ally occur every two to seven years. La Ninas usually,(50) but not always, follow El Ninos. During La Ninas,water temperatures in the Central Pacific drop belownormal, and weather patterns shift in the other direc-tion. Together, the El Nino and La Nina cyclescomplete the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).(55) ENSO weather oscillations are discrete from theNPO, NAO, and PDO weather patterns. This meansone oscillation does not cause or usually influence theothers. Sometimes, however, the various oscillations“beat” together at the same frequency, causing the(60) fluctuations to be synchronized. When this happens,scientists say the resulting weather can be intensified.Weather effects can be damaging. The warmingpatterns of El Nino are one of the leading causesof natural damage to coral reefs, while wider ENSO(65) fluctuations may cause flooding or drought to occuron land. In these cases, extreme shifts can cause eco-nomic pressure by disrupting entire fishing industries ordamaging crops.Sometimes, pressure caused by intense weather(70) can have unexpected political effects. Some scientistsargue that unusually cold weather brought by a strongEl Nino phenomenon caused significant crop damagein 1788-89, which many say contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Other climate researchers claim that strong(75) oscillation coupling, combined with strong El Ninosin the late 1930s and early 1940s, led to a profoundcold snap in Northern Europe in the middle of theSecond World War. The scientists argue that this unex-pected cold snap significantly contributed to the failure(80) of Germany to capture Moscow, which changed thecourse of World War II.ENSO phenomena, along with the other threeoscillations, are separate from those attributed to globalwarming. The causes are completely independent.(85) However, because El Nino and global warming bothcan result in strong temperature variability, disruptiverain distribution, and extreme damage to a variety ofecosystems, any synchronicity will be closely observedby scientists seeking to document the total effects(90) of each.Q.As presented in the passage, the statements in lines 49–81 are best characterized as:a)facts based on careful historical and scientific documents.b)speculation based on rumor and hearsay.c)hypotheses supported by evidence.d)estimates based on data.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: El Nino: A Meteorological EnigmaAlmost any mention of climate change bringsthoughts of global warming, complete with mentalimages of rising seas and melting ice caps. Whilefew reputable scientists contest the reality of global(5) warming, most climatologists are also aware of otherpowerful meteorological phenomena that shape theweather on a daily, seasonal, or even multi-year basis.In fact, these “background oscillations,” or fluctua-tions, appear to cause major climate shifts every few(10) decades. Among the most influential are the NorthPacific Oscillation (NPO), the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ofthese, probably the best-known is the El Nino-Southern(15) Oscillation, popularly called “El Nino.”The term El Nino was first reported in scien-tific circles in 1892. It originally referred to a localevent: an annual, weak, warm ocean current thatfishermen discovered along the central western coast(20) of South America. The current was most noticeablearound Christmastime, which led to its name becauseEl Nino is Spanish for “little boy” and is frequentlyused when referring to the Christ Child. (The reversephenomenon, a cold ocean current, is known by a(25) corresponding term, La Nina, Spanish for “little girl.”)Along this area of South America, El Ninos reducethe upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustainslarge fish populations. Predators such as larger fish andsea birds depend on these populations for survival, as(30) do local fisheries.As climatology developed as a discipline, scien-tists discovered that both trends in the current werepart of a larger phenomenon affecting global climatepatterns, the Southern Oscillation. The definition of(35) El Nino has therefore expanded and continues tochange as climate researchers compile more data. Nowscientists say that during El Ninos, sea-surface tem-peratures over a large part of the central Pacific climbabove normal and stay high for many months. This(40) creates a large pool of warm water that coincides witha change in wind patterns. The shift in wind patternschanges where evaporation takes place. Together, thewarm water and shifting wind affect where storms formand where rainfall occurs on a global level.(45) Most of the time, strong El Ninos bring wetwinters to the Southwestern United States and milderwinters to the Midwest. They tend to bring dry condi-tions to Indonesia and northern Australia. They gener-ally occur every two to seven years. La Ninas usually,(50) but not always, follow El Ninos. During La Ninas,water temperatures in the Central Pacific drop belownormal, and weather patterns shift in the other direc-tion. Together, the El Nino and La Nina cyclescomplete the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).(55) ENSO weather oscillations are discrete from theNPO, NAO, and PDO weather patterns. This meansone oscillation does not cause or usually influence theothers. Sometimes, however, the various oscillations“beat” together at the same frequency, causing the(60) fluctuations to be synchronized. When this happens,scientists say the resulting weather can be intensified.Weather effects can be damaging. The warmingpatterns of El Nino are one of the leading causesof natural damage to coral reefs, while wider ENSO(65) fluctuations may cause flooding or drought to occuron land. In these cases, extreme shifts can cause eco-nomic pressure by disrupting entire fishing industries ordamaging crops.Sometimes, pressure caused by intense weather(70) can have unexpected political effects. Some scientistsargue that unusually cold weather brought by a strongEl Nino phenomenon caused significant crop damagein 1788-89, which many say contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Other climate researchers claim that strong(75) oscillation coupling, combined with strong El Ninosin the late 1930s and early 1940s, led to a profoundcold snap in Northern Europe in the middle of theSecond World War. The scientists argue that this unex-pected cold snap significantly contributed to the failure(80) of Germany to capture Moscow, which changed thecourse of World War II.ENSO phenomena, along with the other threeoscillations, are separate from those attributed to globalwarming. The causes are completely independent.(85) However, because El Nino and global warming bothcan result in strong temperature variability, disruptiverain distribution, and extreme damage to a variety ofecosystems, any synchronicity will be closely observedby scientists seeking to document the total effects(90) of each.Q.As presented in the passage, the statements in lines 49–81 are best characterized as:a)facts based on careful historical and scientific documents.b)speculation based on rumor and hearsay.c)hypotheses supported by evidence.d)estimates based on data.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: El Nino: A Meteorological EnigmaAlmost any mention of climate change bringsthoughts of global warming, complete with mentalimages of rising seas and melting ice caps. Whilefew reputable scientists contest the reality of global(5) warming, most climatologists are also aware of otherpowerful meteorological phenomena that shape theweather on a daily, seasonal, or even multi-year basis.In fact, these “background oscillations,” or fluctua-tions, appear to cause major climate shifts every few(10) decades. Among the most influential are the NorthPacific Oscillation (NPO), the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ofthese, probably the best-known is the El Nino-Southern(15) Oscillation, popularly called “El Nino.”The term El Nino was first reported in scien-tific circles in 1892. It originally referred to a localevent: an annual, weak, warm ocean current thatfishermen discovered along the central western coast(20) of South America. The current was most noticeablearound Christmastime, which led to its name becauseEl Nino is Spanish for “little boy” and is frequentlyused when referring to the Christ Child. (The reversephenomenon, a cold ocean current, is known by a(25) corresponding term, La Nina, Spanish for “little girl.”)Along this area of South America, El Ninos reducethe upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustainslarge fish populations. Predators such as larger fish andsea birds depend on these populations for survival, as(30) do local fisheries.As climatology developed as a discipline, scien-tists discovered that both trends in the current werepart of a larger phenomenon affecting global climatepatterns, the Southern Oscillation. The definition of(35) El Nino has therefore expanded and continues tochange as climate researchers compile more data. Nowscientists say that during El Ninos, sea-surface tem-peratures over a large part of the central Pacific climbabove normal and stay high for many months. This(40) creates a large pool of warm water that coincides witha change in wind patterns. The shift in wind patternschanges where evaporation takes place. Together, thewarm water and shifting wind affect where storms formand where rainfall occurs on a global level.(45) Most of the time, strong El Ninos bring wetwinters to the Southwestern United States and milderwinters to the Midwest. They tend to bring dry condi-tions to Indonesia and northern Australia. They gener-ally occur every two to seven years. La Ninas usually,(50) but not always, follow El Ninos. During La Ninas,water temperatures in the Central Pacific drop belownormal, and weather patterns shift in the other direc-tion. Together, the El Nino and La Nina cyclescomplete the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).(55) ENSO weather oscillations are discrete from theNPO, NAO, and PDO weather patterns. This meansone oscillation does not cause or usually influence theothers. Sometimes, however, the various oscillations“beat” together at the same frequency, causing the(60) fluctuations to be synchronized. When this happens,scientists say the resulting weather can be intensified.Weather effects can be damaging. The warmingpatterns of El Nino are one of the leading causesof natural damage to coral reefs, while wider ENSO(65) fluctuations may cause flooding or drought to occuron land. In these cases, extreme shifts can cause eco-nomic pressure by disrupting entire fishing industries ordamaging crops.Sometimes, pressure caused by intense weather(70) can have unexpected political effects. Some scientistsargue that unusually cold weather brought by a strongEl Nino phenomenon caused significant crop damagein 1788-89, which many say contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Other climate researchers claim that strong(75) oscillation coupling, combined with strong El Ninosin the late 1930s and early 1940s, led to a profoundcold snap in Northern Europe in the middle of theSecond World War. The scientists argue that this unex-pected cold snap significantly contributed to the failure(80) of Germany to capture Moscow, which changed thecourse of World War II.ENSO phenomena, along with the other threeoscillations, are separate from those attributed to globalwarming. The causes are completely independent.(85) However, because El Nino and global warming bothcan result in strong temperature variability, disruptiverain distribution, and extreme damage to a variety ofecosystems, any synchronicity will be closely observedby scientists seeking to document the total effects(90) of each.Q.As presented in the passage, the statements in lines 49–81 are best characterized as:a)facts based on careful historical and scientific documents.b)speculation based on rumor and hearsay.c)hypotheses supported by evidence.d)estimates based on data.Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice ACT tests.