Introduction:
The two states in India that continue to be the poorest states are Orissa (now known as Odisha) and Bihar. These states have faced numerous challenges in terms of poverty, development, and socio-economic indicators.

Reasons for Orissa's poverty:
- Limited industrialization: Orissa has struggled with limited industrialization, which has hindered economic growth and job creation. The absence of industries has resulted in a lack of employment opportunities and low incomes for the people.
- High population density: Orissa has a high population density, which puts pressure on limited resources and infrastructure. The state's resources are stretched thin, making it difficult to provide adequate facilities and services to all its citizens.
- Agricultural challenges: Orissa's agricultural sector faces numerous challenges such as low productivity, lack of irrigation facilities, and vulnerability to natural disasters like cyclones and floods. These factors have a significant impact on the income and livelihoods of the rural population.
- Infrastructure deficit: The state has a significant deficit in terms of infrastructure development, including roads, electricity, healthcare facilities, and educational institutions. The lack of proper infrastructure hampers economic growth and development opportunities.
- Social issues: Orissa also faces social issues like high illiteracy rates, gender inequality, and a lack of access to quality healthcare and education. These factors contribute to the cycle of poverty and hinder overall development.

Reasons for Bihar's poverty:
- Historical factors: Bihar has a long history of underdevelopment and poverty due to factors like feudalism, lack of industrialization, and political instability. These historical factors have had a lasting impact on the state's development.
- Low agricultural productivity: Bihar's agricultural sector faces challenges such as low productivity, lack of irrigation facilities, and outdated farming practices. This results in low incomes for farmers and a high dependence on agriculture for livelihood.
- Unemployment and migration: Bihar has a high unemployment rate, and many people from the state migrate to other states in search of better job opportunities. The lack of employment opportunities within the state contributes to poverty and economic stagnation.
- Infrastructure gaps: Bihar has significant infrastructure gaps, including inadequate road connectivity, limited access to electricity, and a lack of quality healthcare and educational institutions. These gaps hinder economic growth and development.
- Social challenges: Bihar faces social challenges like high illiteracy rates, gender inequality, and caste-based discrimination. These factors further contribute to the cycle of poverty and hinder overall development.

Conclusion:
Orissa and Bihar continue to be the poorest states in India due to a combination of factors such as limited industrialization, high population density, agricultural challenges, infrastructure deficits, and social issues. Addressing these challenges requires focused efforts from the government, including investments in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and job creation.