what is hybridization

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the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species or variety is called as hybridization.

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inter mixing of orbits nearly equal to energies of atom to form same identical orbitals is known as hybridization

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What is Hybridization?
Hybridization is a concept in chemistry that describes the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals have different energies, shapes, and orientations compared to the original atomic orbitals, allowing for the formation of chemical bonds in molecules.
Types of Hybridization
- sp Hybridization
- Involves the mixing of one 's' and one 'p' orbital.
- Forms two equivalent linear orbitals.
- Example: Acetylene (C2H2) has a linear structure with a bond angle of 180°.
- sp² Hybridization
- Involves one 's' and two 'p' orbitals.
- Forms three equivalent trigonal planar orbitals.
- Example: Ethylene (C2H4) has a planar structure with a bond angle of 120°.
- sp³ Hybridization
- Involves one 's' and three 'p' orbitals.
- Forms four equivalent tetrahedral orbitals.
- Example: Methane (CH4) has a tetrahedral structure with a bond angle of 109.5°.
- sp³d Hybridization
- Involves one 's', three 'p', and one 'd' orbital.
- Forms five equivalent trigonal bipyramidal orbitals.
- Example: Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) has a bipyramidal shape.
- sp³d² Hybridization
- Involves one 's', three 'p', and two 'd' orbitals.
- Forms six equivalent octahedral orbitals.
- Example: Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has an octahedral structure.
Importance of Hybridization
- Explains molecular geometry and bond angles.
- Helps predict the physical and chemical properties of compounds.
- Essential in understanding reactivity and stability of molecules.
Understanding hybridization allows chemists to visualize and predict how atoms bond in various molecular structures.

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