Penalty for contravention of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act:

The correct answer is option 'C', which states that the penalty for contravention of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act can result in imprisonment for up to 5 years or a fine of up to 1 lakh rupees, or both.

Explanation:

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is a legislation enacted by the Government of India to protect and improve the quality of the environment and prevent environmental pollution. It provides for the establishment of various authorities, regulations, and penalties to ensure the effective implementation of environmental laws.

Key provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act:

1. Prohibition and regulation of environmental pollutants: The Act empowers the Central Government to take measures for the prohibition and regulation of environmental pollutants. It provides for the setting of standards for emissions, effluents, and hazardous substances.

2. Environmental impact assessment: The Act makes it mandatory for certain projects or activities to undergo an environmental impact assessment (EIA) before being granted approval. The EIA process assesses the potential environmental consequences of a proposed project and suggests mitigation measures.

3. Control of hazardous substances: The Act empowers the Central Government to regulate and control the handling, transportation, and disposal of hazardous substances. It provides for the establishment of hazardous waste management facilities and the regulation of the import, export, and storage of hazardous substances.

4. Powers of the Central Government: The Act grants extensive powers to the Central Government to take measures for the prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution. It can issue directions, guidelines, and rules to regulate various activities and industries.

Penalties under the Environment (Protection) Act:

The Act prescribes penalties for contravention of its provisions to ensure compliance and deter violations. The penalties are as follows:

- Imprisonment: The Act provides for imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years for contravention of its provisions. This means that individuals found guilty of violating the Act can be sentenced to imprisonment for up to 5 years.

- Fine: The Act also provides for a fine of up to 1 lakh rupees for contravention of its provisions. This means that individuals found guilty of violating the Act can be fined an amount not exceeding 1 lakh rupees.

- Combination of imprisonment and fine: In addition to imprisonment and fine, the Act also allows for the imposition of both penalties together. This means that individuals found guilty of violating the Act can be sentenced to imprisonment and fined simultaneously.

It is important to note that the penalties imposed may vary depending on the nature and severity of the violation. The Act empowers the adjudicating authorities and courts to determine the appropriate penalty based on the circumstances of each case.

Overall, the Environment (Protection) Act aims to ensure the protection and conservation of the environment and provides for stringent penalties to deter violations and promote environmental compliance.