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Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is adapted from Alyson Shepherd, “The Promise of Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy." ©2015 by College Hill Coaching.If physician and microbiologist David Stojdlhas his way, the term “going viral” will soon get awhole new meaning. Together with researchersin the United States and Canada, Stojdl has spent(5) much of his career finding ways to turn virusesinto powerful cancer-killing machines, and someof the early successes are astonishing.For decades, viruses have rightfully beentreated as dangerous invaders. The word virus(10) itself means “poison” in Latin, and indeedviruses are the culprits implicated not only in thecommon cold and the more deadly influenza, butalso in some of the ghastliest afflictions humanityhas ever seen, such as smallpox, HIV, SARS, and(15) Ebola. Understandably, then, medical researchershave expended enormous effort to help the bodyidentify and destroy these stealthy aggressors.Vaccinations are the major successes on thisfront; introducing attenuated forms of otherwise(20) harmful viruses trains our immune systems toproduce antibodies that shield us from future infections.Now, however, researchers are harnessingthe efficient lethality of viruses to attack cancer.(25) Because viruses can attack inoperable tumors withmore precision than chemotherapy or radiationcan, and because they can attack malignanttumors on multiple fronts, virotherapy may wellturn out to be our most potent tool in oncology.(30) Viruses are tiny packages of genetic materialencased in a protein or lipid shell. When themolecules in this shell “match up” with themolecules on the surface of a cell—scientists referto this as a “lock-and-key” mechanism—the virus(35) attaches and injects its genes into the cell, wherethey co-opt the replication mechanisms of thecell to reproduce themselves.Physicians first recognized the tumor-fighting potential of viruses over a century ago.(40) In 1904, Italian doctors discovered that onewomans enormous cervical tumor disappearedsoon after she was administered a rabies vaccinefor a dog bite. Evidently, the same viruses thatwere boosting her immune system were also(45) attacking her cancer. Unfortunately, doctors ofthe time had no idea how this process worked.Attempts to replicate this success showedinconsistent results: most patients who receivedthe same treatment saw at best temporary(50) regression of their tumors, and none were cured.Today, however, modern researchers havepowerful tools not only for observing the complexfunctions of cellular and extracellular molecules,but also for manipulating the very genetic code(55) that produces some of those molecules. As aresult, they are learning to fine-tune virusesfor selective infection, so that they attack onlytumor cells and leave normal cells unscathed.Such precision, if it can be achieved, would(60) provide an enormous advantage over radiationand chemotherapy, which have highly toxic sideeffects on healthy tissue. In contrast, the worstside effects that virology patients are likely to seeare chills, fever, and fatigue.(65) Although research into virotherapy is stillin its early stages, natural and re-programmedviruses have already demonstrated four distinctcancer-destroying skills. First, they can killcancer cells directly through lysis, a process by(70) which they invade the cells and, under the rightconditions, replicate themselves so prolificallythat they tear the cells apart and then go onto infect other cells. Second, they can triggera process called apoptosis, a sequence of self-(75) destructive chemical reactions within the tumorcells, so that the cancer effectively commitssuicide. Third, they can be programmed toselectively attack the blood vessels that supplynutrients to a tumor (in a process called vascular(80) collapse) and kill the cancer by starvation. Lastly,the chemical activity that viruses induce can alsoelicit a response from the immune systems owndendritic cells, which can then initiate a T-cellattack to destroy the tumor.(85) One pernicious aspect of cancer is its abilityto “cloak” itself from the immune system, so thatour T- and B-cells—guard dogs against dangerouscellular invaders—cant fight it effectively. Somecancers have even evolved proteins that kill(90) T-cells before they can attack. But now scientistsare finding ways to break through these chemicaldefenses and let the immune system do its job.Such therapies, known as immunotherapies,may soon be used jointly with virotherapies(95) to marshal a “shock and awe” attack againstcancer. In one recent immunotherapy trial, 89%of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemiasaw a “complete” response, that is, their cancerbecame undetectable without surgery, radiation,(100) or chemotherapy.Developing these new therapies requiresa concerted effort: geneticists, immunologists,microbiologists, and molecular diagnosticiansmust work together to develop tools to detect the(105) genetic and molecular “markers” that identifyparticular cancer types and indicate howextensively they have spread. This will enabledoctors to personalize an efficient therapy foreach individual patient.Q.What potential drawback does this diagram suggest could compromise the effectiveness of virotherapy as a cancer treatment?a)The virus may not be able to infect the cancer cell or replicate within it.b)The immune system may eliminate the viruses before they have a chance to destroy the cancer cell.c)The virus may cause lysis of healthy cells.d)The virus may not spread after killing the cancer cell by lysis.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? for SAT 2025 is part of SAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the SAT exam syllabus. Information about Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is adapted from Alyson Shepherd, “The Promise of Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy." ©2015 by College Hill Coaching.If physician and microbiologist David Stojdlhas his way, the term “going viral” will soon get awhole new meaning. Together with researchersin the United States and Canada, Stojdl has spent(5) much of his career finding ways to turn virusesinto powerful cancer-killing machines, and someof the early successes are astonishing.For decades, viruses have rightfully beentreated as dangerous invaders. The word virus(10) itself means “poison” in Latin, and indeedviruses are the culprits implicated not only in thecommon cold and the more deadly influenza, butalso in some of the ghastliest afflictions humanityhas ever seen, such as smallpox, HIV, SARS, and(15) Ebola. Understandably, then, medical researchershave expended enormous effort to help the bodyidentify and destroy these stealthy aggressors.Vaccinations are the major successes on thisfront; introducing attenuated forms of otherwise(20) harmful viruses trains our immune systems toproduce antibodies that shield us from future infections.Now, however, researchers are harnessingthe efficient lethality of viruses to attack cancer.(25) Because viruses can attack inoperable tumors withmore precision than chemotherapy or radiationcan, and because they can attack malignanttumors on multiple fronts, virotherapy may wellturn out to be our most potent tool in oncology.(30) Viruses are tiny packages of genetic materialencased in a protein or lipid shell. When themolecules in this shell “match up” with themolecules on the surface of a cell—scientists referto this as a “lock-and-key” mechanism—the virus(35) attaches and injects its genes into the cell, wherethey co-opt the replication mechanisms of thecell to reproduce themselves.Physicians first recognized the tumor-fighting potential of viruses over a century ago.(40) In 1904, Italian doctors discovered that onewomans enormous cervical tumor disappearedsoon after she was administered a rabies vaccinefor a dog bite. Evidently, the same viruses thatwere boosting her immune system were also(45) attacking her cancer. Unfortunately, doctors ofthe time had no idea how this process worked.Attempts to replicate this success showedinconsistent results: most patients who receivedthe same treatment saw at best temporary(50) regression of their tumors, and none were cured.Today, however, modern researchers havepowerful tools not only for observing the complexfunctions of cellular and extracellular molecules,but also for manipulating the very genetic code(55) that produces some of those molecules. As aresult, they are learning to fine-tune virusesfor selective infection, so that they attack onlytumor cells and leave normal cells unscathed.Such precision, if it can be achieved, would(60) provide an enormous advantage over radiationand chemotherapy, which have highly toxic sideeffects on healthy tissue. In contrast, the worstside effects that virology patients are likely to seeare chills, fever, and fatigue.(65) Although research into virotherapy is stillin its early stages, natural and re-programmedviruses have already demonstrated four distinctcancer-destroying skills. First, they can killcancer cells directly through lysis, a process by(70) which they invade the cells and, under the rightconditions, replicate themselves so prolificallythat they tear the cells apart and then go onto infect other cells. Second, they can triggera process called apoptosis, a sequence of self-(75) destructive chemical reactions within the tumorcells, so that the cancer effectively commitssuicide. Third, they can be programmed toselectively attack the blood vessels that supplynutrients to a tumor (in a process called vascular(80) collapse) and kill the cancer by starvation. Lastly,the chemical activity that viruses induce can alsoelicit a response from the immune systems owndendritic cells, which can then initiate a T-cellattack to destroy the tumor.(85) One pernicious aspect of cancer is its abilityto “cloak” itself from the immune system, so thatour T- and B-cells—guard dogs against dangerouscellular invaders—cant fight it effectively. Somecancers have even evolved proteins that kill(90) T-cells before they can attack. But now scientistsare finding ways to break through these chemicaldefenses and let the immune system do its job.Such therapies, known as immunotherapies,may soon be used jointly with virotherapies(95) to marshal a “shock and awe” attack againstcancer. In one recent immunotherapy trial, 89%of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemiasaw a “complete” response, that is, their cancerbecame undetectable without surgery, radiation,(100) or chemotherapy.Developing these new therapies requiresa concerted effort: geneticists, immunologists,microbiologists, and molecular diagnosticiansmust work together to develop tools to detect the(105) genetic and molecular “markers” that identifyparticular cancer types and indicate howextensively they have spread. This will enabledoctors to personalize an efficient therapy foreach individual patient.Q.What potential drawback does this diagram suggest could compromise the effectiveness of virotherapy as a cancer treatment?a)The virus may not be able to infect the cancer cell or replicate within it.b)The immune system may eliminate the viruses before they have a chance to destroy the cancer cell.c)The virus may cause lysis of healthy cells.d)The virus may not spread after killing the cancer cell by lysis.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for SAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is adapted from Alyson Shepherd, “The Promise of Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy." ©2015 by College Hill Coaching.If physician and microbiologist David Stojdlhas his way, the term “going viral” will soon get awhole new meaning. Together with researchersin the United States and Canada, Stojdl has spent(5) much of his career finding ways to turn virusesinto powerful cancer-killing machines, and someof the early successes are astonishing.For decades, viruses have rightfully beentreated as dangerous invaders. The word virus(10) itself means “poison” in Latin, and indeedviruses are the culprits implicated not only in thecommon cold and the more deadly influenza, butalso in some of the ghastliest afflictions humanityhas ever seen, such as smallpox, HIV, SARS, and(15) Ebola. Understandably, then, medical researchershave expended enormous effort to help the bodyidentify and destroy these stealthy aggressors.Vaccinations are the major successes on thisfront; introducing attenuated forms of otherwise(20) harmful viruses trains our immune systems toproduce antibodies that shield us from future infections.Now, however, researchers are harnessingthe efficient lethality of viruses to attack cancer.(25) Because viruses can attack inoperable tumors withmore precision than chemotherapy or radiationcan, and because they can attack malignanttumors on multiple fronts, virotherapy may wellturn out to be our most potent tool in oncology.(30) Viruses are tiny packages of genetic materialencased in a protein or lipid shell. When themolecules in this shell “match up” with themolecules on the surface of a cell—scientists referto this as a “lock-and-key” mechanism—the virus(35) attaches and injects its genes into the cell, wherethey co-opt the replication mechanisms of thecell to reproduce themselves.Physicians first recognized the tumor-fighting potential of viruses over a century ago.(40) In 1904, Italian doctors discovered that onewomans enormous cervical tumor disappearedsoon after she was administered a rabies vaccinefor a dog bite. Evidently, the same viruses thatwere boosting her immune system were also(45) attacking her cancer. Unfortunately, doctors ofthe time had no idea how this process worked.Attempts to replicate this success showedinconsistent results: most patients who receivedthe same treatment saw at best temporary(50) regression of their tumors, and none were cured.Today, however, modern researchers havepowerful tools not only for observing the complexfunctions of cellular and extracellular molecules,but also for manipulating the very genetic code(55) that produces some of those molecules. As aresult, they are learning to fine-tune virusesfor selective infection, so that they attack onlytumor cells and leave normal cells unscathed.Such precision, if it can be achieved, would(60) provide an enormous advantage over radiationand chemotherapy, which have highly toxic sideeffects on healthy tissue. In contrast, the worstside effects that virology patients are likely to seeare chills, fever, and fatigue.(65) Although research into virotherapy is stillin its early stages, natural and re-programmedviruses have already demonstrated four distinctcancer-destroying skills. First, they can killcancer cells directly through lysis, a process by(70) which they invade the cells and, under the rightconditions, replicate themselves so prolificallythat they tear the cells apart and then go onto infect other cells. Second, they can triggera process called apoptosis, a sequence of self-(75) destructive chemical reactions within the tumorcells, so that the cancer effectively commitssuicide. Third, they can be programmed toselectively attack the blood vessels that supplynutrients to a tumor (in a process called vascular(80) collapse) and kill the cancer by starvation. Lastly,the chemical activity that viruses induce can alsoelicit a response from the immune systems owndendritic cells, which can then initiate a T-cellattack to destroy the tumor.(85) One pernicious aspect of cancer is its abilityto “cloak” itself from the immune system, so thatour T- and B-cells—guard dogs against dangerouscellular invaders—cant fight it effectively. Somecancers have even evolved proteins that kill(90) T-cells before they can attack. But now scientistsare finding ways to break through these chemicaldefenses and let the immune system do its job.Such therapies, known as immunotherapies,may soon be used jointly with virotherapies(95) to marshal a “shock and awe” attack againstcancer. In one recent immunotherapy trial, 89%of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemiasaw a “complete” response, that is, their cancerbecame undetectable without surgery, radiation,(100) or chemotherapy.Developing these new therapies requiresa concerted effort: geneticists, immunologists,microbiologists, and molecular diagnosticiansmust work together to develop tools to detect the(105) genetic and molecular “markers” that identifyparticular cancer types and indicate howextensively they have spread. This will enabledoctors to personalize an efficient therapy foreach individual patient.Q.What potential drawback does this diagram suggest could compromise the effectiveness of virotherapy as a cancer treatment?a)The virus may not be able to infect the cancer cell or replicate within it.b)The immune system may eliminate the viruses before they have a chance to destroy the cancer cell.c)The virus may cause lysis of healthy cells.d)The virus may not spread after killing the cancer cell by lysis.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is adapted from Alyson Shepherd, “The Promise of Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy." ©2015 by College Hill Coaching.If physician and microbiologist David Stojdlhas his way, the term “going viral” will soon get awhole new meaning. Together with researchersin the United States and Canada, Stojdl has spent(5) much of his career finding ways to turn virusesinto powerful cancer-killing machines, and someof the early successes are astonishing.For decades, viruses have rightfully beentreated as dangerous invaders. The word virus(10) itself means “poison” in Latin, and indeedviruses are the culprits implicated not only in thecommon cold and the more deadly influenza, butalso in some of the ghastliest afflictions humanityhas ever seen, such as smallpox, HIV, SARS, and(15) Ebola. Understandably, then, medical researchershave expended enormous effort to help the bodyidentify and destroy these stealthy aggressors.Vaccinations are the major successes on thisfront; introducing attenuated forms of otherwise(20) harmful viruses trains our immune systems toproduce antibodies that shield us from future infections.Now, however, researchers are harnessingthe efficient lethality of viruses to attack cancer.(25) Because viruses can attack inoperable tumors withmore precision than chemotherapy or radiationcan, and because they can attack malignanttumors on multiple fronts, virotherapy may wellturn out to be our most potent tool in oncology.(30) Viruses are tiny packages of genetic materialencased in a protein or lipid shell. When themolecules in this shell “match up” with themolecules on the surface of a cell—scientists referto this as a “lock-and-key” mechanism—the virus(35) attaches and injects its genes into the cell, wherethey co-opt the replication mechanisms of thecell to reproduce themselves.Physicians first recognized the tumor-fighting potential of viruses over a century ago.(40) In 1904, Italian doctors discovered that onewomans enormous cervical tumor disappearedsoon after she was administered a rabies vaccinefor a dog bite. Evidently, the same viruses thatwere boosting her immune system were also(45) attacking her cancer. Unfortunately, doctors ofthe time had no idea how this process worked.Attempts to replicate this success showedinconsistent results: most patients who receivedthe same treatment saw at best temporary(50) regression of their tumors, and none were cured.Today, however, modern researchers havepowerful tools not only for observing the complexfunctions of cellular and extracellular molecules,but also for manipulating the very genetic code(55) that produces some of those molecules. As aresult, they are learning to fine-tune virusesfor selective infection, so that they attack onlytumor cells and leave normal cells unscathed.Such precision, if it can be achieved, would(60) provide an enormous advantage over radiationand chemotherapy, which have highly toxic sideeffects on healthy tissue. In contrast, the worstside effects that virology patients are likely to seeare chills, fever, and fatigue.(65) Although research into virotherapy is stillin its early stages, natural and re-programmedviruses have already demonstrated four distinctcancer-destroying skills. First, they can killcancer cells directly through lysis, a process by(70) which they invade the cells and, under the rightconditions, replicate themselves so prolificallythat they tear the cells apart and then go onto infect other cells. Second, they can triggera process called apoptosis, a sequence of self-(75) destructive chemical reactions within the tumorcells, so that the cancer effectively commitssuicide. Third, they can be programmed toselectively attack the blood vessels that supplynutrients to a tumor (in a process called vascular(80) collapse) and kill the cancer by starvation. Lastly,the chemical activity that viruses induce can alsoelicit a response from the immune systems owndendritic cells, which can then initiate a T-cellattack to destroy the tumor.(85) One pernicious aspect of cancer is its abilityto “cloak” itself from the immune system, so thatour T- and B-cells—guard dogs against dangerouscellular invaders—cant fight it effectively. Somecancers have even evolved proteins that kill(90) T-cells before they can attack. But now scientistsare finding ways to break through these chemicaldefenses and let the immune system do its job.Such therapies, known as immunotherapies,may soon be used jointly with virotherapies(95) to marshal a “shock and awe” attack againstcancer. In one recent immunotherapy trial, 89%of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemiasaw a “complete” response, that is, their cancerbecame undetectable without surgery, radiation,(100) or chemotherapy.Developing these new therapies requiresa concerted effort: geneticists, immunologists,microbiologists, and molecular diagnosticiansmust work together to develop tools to detect the(105) genetic and molecular “markers” that identifyparticular cancer types and indicate howextensively they have spread. This will enabledoctors to personalize an efficient therapy foreach individual patient.Q.What potential drawback does this diagram suggest could compromise the effectiveness of virotherapy as a cancer treatment?a)The virus may not be able to infect the cancer cell or replicate within it.b)The immune system may eliminate the viruses before they have a chance to destroy the cancer cell.c)The virus may cause lysis of healthy cells.d)The virus may not spread after killing the cancer cell by lysis.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for SAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for SAT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is adapted from Alyson Shepherd, “The Promise of Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy." ©2015 by College Hill Coaching.If physician and microbiologist David Stojdlhas his way, the term “going viral” will soon get awhole new meaning. Together with researchersin the United States and Canada, Stojdl has spent(5) much of his career finding ways to turn virusesinto powerful cancer-killing machines, and someof the early successes are astonishing.For decades, viruses have rightfully beentreated as dangerous invaders. The word virus(10) itself means “poison” in Latin, and indeedviruses are the culprits implicated not only in thecommon cold and the more deadly influenza, butalso in some of the ghastliest afflictions humanityhas ever seen, such as smallpox, HIV, SARS, and(15) Ebola. Understandably, then, medical researchershave expended enormous effort to help the bodyidentify and destroy these stealthy aggressors.Vaccinations are the major successes on thisfront; introducing attenuated forms of otherwise(20) harmful viruses trains our immune systems toproduce antibodies that shield us from future infections.Now, however, researchers are harnessingthe efficient lethality of viruses to attack cancer.(25) Because viruses can attack inoperable tumors withmore precision than chemotherapy or radiationcan, and because they can attack malignanttumors on multiple fronts, virotherapy may wellturn out to be our most potent tool in oncology.(30) Viruses are tiny packages of genetic materialencased in a protein or lipid shell. When themolecules in this shell “match up” with themolecules on the surface of a cell—scientists referto this as a “lock-and-key” mechanism—the virus(35) attaches and injects its genes into the cell, wherethey co-opt the replication mechanisms of thecell to reproduce themselves.Physicians first recognized the tumor-fighting potential of viruses over a century ago.(40) In 1904, Italian doctors discovered that onewomans enormous cervical tumor disappearedsoon after she was administered a rabies vaccinefor a dog bite. Evidently, the same viruses thatwere boosting her immune system were also(45) attacking her cancer. Unfortunately, doctors ofthe time had no idea how this process worked.Attempts to replicate this success showedinconsistent results: most patients who receivedthe same treatment saw at best temporary(50) regression of their tumors, and none were cured.Today, however, modern researchers havepowerful tools not only for observing the complexfunctions of cellular and extracellular molecules,but also for manipulating the very genetic code(55) that produces some of those molecules. As aresult, they are learning to fine-tune virusesfor selective infection, so that they attack onlytumor cells and leave normal cells unscathed.Such precision, if it can be achieved, would(60) provide an enormous advantage over radiationand chemotherapy, which have highly toxic sideeffects on healthy tissue. In contrast, the worstside effects that virology patients are likely to seeare chills, fever, and fatigue.(65) Although research into virotherapy is stillin its early stages, natural and re-programmedviruses have already demonstrated four distinctcancer-destroying skills. First, they can killcancer cells directly through lysis, a process by(70) which they invade the cells and, under the rightconditions, replicate themselves so prolificallythat they tear the cells apart and then go onto infect other cells. Second, they can triggera process called apoptosis, a sequence of self-(75) destructive chemical reactions within the tumorcells, so that the cancer effectively commitssuicide. Third, they can be programmed toselectively attack the blood vessels that supplynutrients to a tumor (in a process called vascular(80) collapse) and kill the cancer by starvation. Lastly,the chemical activity that viruses induce can alsoelicit a response from the immune systems owndendritic cells, which can then initiate a T-cellattack to destroy the tumor.(85) One pernicious aspect of cancer is its abilityto “cloak” itself from the immune system, so thatour T- and B-cells—guard dogs against dangerouscellular invaders—cant fight it effectively. Somecancers have even evolved proteins that kill(90) T-cells before they can attack. But now scientistsare finding ways to break through these chemicaldefenses and let the immune system do its job.Such therapies, known as immunotherapies,may soon be used jointly with virotherapies(95) to marshal a “shock and awe” attack againstcancer. In one recent immunotherapy trial, 89%of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemiasaw a “complete” response, that is, their cancerbecame undetectable without surgery, radiation,(100) or chemotherapy.Developing these new therapies requiresa concerted effort: geneticists, immunologists,microbiologists, and molecular diagnosticiansmust work together to develop tools to detect the(105) genetic and molecular “markers” that identifyparticular cancer types and indicate howextensively they have spread. This will enabledoctors to personalize an efficient therapy foreach individual patient.Q.What potential drawback does this diagram suggest could compromise the effectiveness of virotherapy as a cancer treatment?a)The virus may not be able to infect the cancer cell or replicate within it.b)The immune system may eliminate the viruses before they have a chance to destroy the cancer cell.c)The virus may cause lysis of healthy cells.d)The virus may not spread after killing the cancer cell by lysis.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is adapted from Alyson Shepherd, “The Promise of Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy." ©2015 by College Hill Coaching.If physician and microbiologist David Stojdlhas his way, the term “going viral” will soon get awhole new meaning. Together with researchersin the United States and Canada, Stojdl has spent(5) much of his career finding ways to turn virusesinto powerful cancer-killing machines, and someof the early successes are astonishing.For decades, viruses have rightfully beentreated as dangerous invaders. The word virus(10) itself means “poison” in Latin, and indeedviruses are the culprits implicated not only in thecommon cold and the more deadly influenza, butalso in some of the ghastliest afflictions humanityhas ever seen, such as smallpox, HIV, SARS, and(15) Ebola. Understandably, then, medical researchershave expended enormous effort to help the bodyidentify and destroy these stealthy aggressors.Vaccinations are the major successes on thisfront; introducing attenuated forms of otherwise(20) harmful viruses trains our immune systems toproduce antibodies that shield us from future infections.Now, however, researchers are harnessingthe efficient lethality of viruses to attack cancer.(25) Because viruses can attack inoperable tumors withmore precision than chemotherapy or radiationcan, and because they can attack malignanttumors on multiple fronts, virotherapy may wellturn out to be our most potent tool in oncology.(30) Viruses are tiny packages of genetic materialencased in a protein or lipid shell. When themolecules in this shell “match up” with themolecules on the surface of a cell—scientists referto this as a “lock-and-key” mechanism—the virus(35) attaches and injects its genes into the cell, wherethey co-opt the replication mechanisms of thecell to reproduce themselves.Physicians first recognized the tumor-fighting potential of viruses over a century ago.(40) In 1904, Italian doctors discovered that onewomans enormous cervical tumor disappearedsoon after she was administered a rabies vaccinefor a dog bite. Evidently, the same viruses thatwere boosting her immune system were also(45) attacking her cancer. Unfortunately, doctors ofthe time had no idea how this process worked.Attempts to replicate this success showedinconsistent results: most patients who receivedthe same treatment saw at best temporary(50) regression of their tumors, and none were cured.Today, however, modern researchers havepowerful tools not only for observing the complexfunctions of cellular and extracellular molecules,but also for manipulating the very genetic code(55) that produces some of those molecules. As aresult, they are learning to fine-tune virusesfor selective infection, so that they attack onlytumor cells and leave normal cells unscathed.Such precision, if it can be achieved, would(60) provide an enormous advantage over radiationand chemotherapy, which have highly toxic sideeffects on healthy tissue. In contrast, the worstside effects that virology patients are likely to seeare chills, fever, and fatigue.(65) Although research into virotherapy is stillin its early stages, natural and re-programmedviruses have already demonstrated four distinctcancer-destroying skills. First, they can killcancer cells directly through lysis, a process by(70) which they invade the cells and, under the rightconditions, replicate themselves so prolificallythat they tear the cells apart and then go onto infect other cells. Second, they can triggera process called apoptosis, a sequence of self-(75) destructive chemical reactions within the tumorcells, so that the cancer effectively commitssuicide. Third, they can be programmed toselectively attack the blood vessels that supplynutrients to a tumor (in a process called vascular(80) collapse) and kill the cancer by starvation. Lastly,the chemical activity that viruses induce can alsoelicit a response from the immune systems owndendritic cells, which can then initiate a T-cellattack to destroy the tumor.(85) One pernicious aspect of cancer is its abilityto “cloak” itself from the immune system, so thatour T- and B-cells—guard dogs against dangerouscellular invaders—cant fight it effectively. Somecancers have even evolved proteins that kill(90) T-cells before they can attack. But now scientistsare finding ways to break through these chemicaldefenses and let the immune system do its job.Such therapies, known as immunotherapies,may soon be used jointly with virotherapies(95) to marshal a “shock and awe” attack againstcancer. In one recent immunotherapy trial, 89%of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemiasaw a “complete” response, that is, their cancerbecame undetectable without surgery, radiation,(100) or chemotherapy.Developing these new therapies requiresa concerted effort: geneticists, immunologists,microbiologists, and molecular diagnosticiansmust work together to develop tools to detect the(105) genetic and molecular “markers” that identifyparticular cancer types and indicate howextensively they have spread. This will enabledoctors to personalize an efficient therapy foreach individual patient.Q.What potential drawback does this diagram suggest could compromise the effectiveness of virotherapy as a cancer treatment?a)The virus may not be able to infect the cancer cell or replicate within it.b)The immune system may eliminate the viruses before they have a chance to destroy the cancer cell.c)The virus may cause lysis of healthy cells.d)The virus may not spread after killing the cancer cell by lysis.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is adapted from Alyson Shepherd, “The Promise of Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy." ©2015 by College Hill Coaching.If physician and microbiologist David Stojdlhas his way, the term “going viral” will soon get awhole new meaning. Together with researchersin the United States and Canada, Stojdl has spent(5) much of his career finding ways to turn virusesinto powerful cancer-killing machines, and someof the early successes are astonishing.For decades, viruses have rightfully beentreated as dangerous invaders. The word virus(10) itself means “poison” in Latin, and indeedviruses are the culprits implicated not only in thecommon cold and the more deadly influenza, butalso in some of the ghastliest afflictions humanityhas ever seen, such as smallpox, HIV, SARS, and(15) Ebola. Understandably, then, medical researchershave expended enormous effort to help the bodyidentify and destroy these stealthy aggressors.Vaccinations are the major successes on thisfront; introducing attenuated forms of otherwise(20) harmful viruses trains our immune systems toproduce antibodies that shield us from future infections.Now, however, researchers are harnessingthe efficient lethality of viruses to attack cancer.(25) Because viruses can attack inoperable tumors withmore precision than chemotherapy or radiationcan, and because they can attack malignanttumors on multiple fronts, virotherapy may wellturn out to be our most potent tool in oncology.(30) Viruses are tiny packages of genetic materialencased in a protein or lipid shell. When themolecules in this shell “match up” with themolecules on the surface of a cell—scientists referto this as a “lock-and-key” mechanism—the virus(35) attaches and injects its genes into the cell, wherethey co-opt the replication mechanisms of thecell to reproduce themselves.Physicians first recognized the tumor-fighting potential of viruses over a century ago.(40) In 1904, Italian doctors discovered that onewomans enormous cervical tumor disappearedsoon after she was administered a rabies vaccinefor a dog bite. Evidently, the same viruses thatwere boosting her immune system were also(45) attacking her cancer. Unfortunately, doctors ofthe time had no idea how this process worked.Attempts to replicate this success showedinconsistent results: most patients who receivedthe same treatment saw at best temporary(50) regression of their tumors, and none were cured.Today, however, modern researchers havepowerful tools not only for observing the complexfunctions of cellular and extracellular molecules,but also for manipulating the very genetic code(55) that produces some of those molecules. As aresult, they are learning to fine-tune virusesfor selective infection, so that they attack onlytumor cells and leave normal cells unscathed.Such precision, if it can be achieved, would(60) provide an enormous advantage over radiationand chemotherapy, which have highly toxic sideeffects on healthy tissue. In contrast, the worstside effects that virology patients are likely to seeare chills, fever, and fatigue.(65) Although research into virotherapy is stillin its early stages, natural and re-programmedviruses have already demonstrated four distinctcancer-destroying skills. First, they can killcancer cells directly through lysis, a process by(70) which they invade the cells and, under the rightconditions, replicate themselves so prolificallythat they tear the cells apart and then go onto infect other cells. Second, they can triggera process called apoptosis, a sequence of self-(75) destructive chemical reactions within the tumorcells, so that the cancer effectively commitssuicide. Third, they can be programmed toselectively attack the blood vessels that supplynutrients to a tumor (in a process called vascular(80) collapse) and kill the cancer by starvation. Lastly,the chemical activity that viruses induce can alsoelicit a response from the immune systems owndendritic cells, which can then initiate a T-cellattack to destroy the tumor.(85) One pernicious aspect of cancer is its abilityto “cloak” itself from the immune system, so thatour T- and B-cells—guard dogs against dangerouscellular invaders—cant fight it effectively. Somecancers have even evolved proteins that kill(90) T-cells before they can attack. But now scientistsare finding ways to break through these chemicaldefenses and let the immune system do its job.Such therapies, known as immunotherapies,may soon be used jointly with virotherapies(95) to marshal a “shock and awe” attack againstcancer. In one recent immunotherapy trial, 89%of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemiasaw a “complete” response, that is, their cancerbecame undetectable without surgery, radiation,(100) or chemotherapy.Developing these new therapies requiresa concerted effort: geneticists, immunologists,microbiologists, and molecular diagnosticiansmust work together to develop tools to detect the(105) genetic and molecular “markers” that identifyparticular cancer types and indicate howextensively they have spread. This will enabledoctors to personalize an efficient therapy foreach individual patient.Q.What potential drawback does this diagram suggest could compromise the effectiveness of virotherapy as a cancer treatment?a)The virus may not be able to infect the cancer cell or replicate within it.b)The immune system may eliminate the viruses before they have a chance to destroy the cancer cell.c)The virus may cause lysis of healthy cells.d)The virus may not spread after killing the cancer cell by lysis.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is adapted from Alyson Shepherd, “The Promise of Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy." ©2015 by College Hill Coaching.If physician and microbiologist David Stojdlhas his way, the term “going viral” will soon get awhole new meaning. Together with researchersin the United States and Canada, Stojdl has spent(5) much of his career finding ways to turn virusesinto powerful cancer-killing machines, and someof the early successes are astonishing.For decades, viruses have rightfully beentreated as dangerous invaders. The word virus(10) itself means “poison” in Latin, and indeedviruses are the culprits implicated not only in thecommon cold and the more deadly influenza, butalso in some of the ghastliest afflictions humanityhas ever seen, such as smallpox, HIV, SARS, and(15) Ebola. Understandably, then, medical researchershave expended enormous effort to help the bodyidentify and destroy these stealthy aggressors.Vaccinations are the major successes on thisfront; introducing attenuated forms of otherwise(20) harmful viruses trains our immune systems toproduce antibodies that shield us from future infections.Now, however, researchers are harnessingthe efficient lethality of viruses to attack cancer.(25) Because viruses can attack inoperable tumors withmore precision than chemotherapy or radiationcan, and because they can attack malignanttumors on multiple fronts, virotherapy may wellturn out to be our most potent tool in oncology.(30) Viruses are tiny packages of genetic materialencased in a protein or lipid shell. When themolecules in this shell “match up” with themolecules on the surface of a cell—scientists referto this as a “lock-and-key” mechanism—the virus(35) attaches and injects its genes into the cell, wherethey co-opt the replication mechanisms of thecell to reproduce themselves.Physicians first recognized the tumor-fighting potential of viruses over a century ago.(40) In 1904, Italian doctors discovered that onewomans enormous cervical tumor disappearedsoon after she was administered a rabies vaccinefor a dog bite. Evidently, the same viruses thatwere boosting her immune system were also(45) attacking her cancer. Unfortunately, doctors ofthe time had no idea how this process worked.Attempts to replicate this success showedinconsistent results: most patients who receivedthe same treatment saw at best temporary(50) regression of their tumors, and none were cured.Today, however, modern researchers havepowerful tools not only for observing the complexfunctions of cellular and extracellular molecules,but also for manipulating the very genetic code(55) that produces some of those molecules. As aresult, they are learning to fine-tune virusesfor selective infection, so that they attack onlytumor cells and leave normal cells unscathed.Such precision, if it can be achieved, would(60) provide an enormous advantage over radiationand chemotherapy, which have highly toxic sideeffects on healthy tissue. In contrast, the worstside effects that virology patients are likely to seeare chills, fever, and fatigue.(65) Although research into virotherapy is stillin its early stages, natural and re-programmedviruses have already demonstrated four distinctcancer-destroying skills. First, they can killcancer cells directly through lysis, a process by(70) which they invade the cells and, under the rightconditions, replicate themselves so prolificallythat they tear the cells apart and then go onto infect other cells. Second, they can triggera process called apoptosis, a sequence of self-(75) destructive chemical reactions within the tumorcells, so that the cancer effectively commitssuicide. Third, they can be programmed toselectively attack the blood vessels that supplynutrients to a tumor (in a process called vascular(80) collapse) and kill the cancer by starvation. Lastly,the chemical activity that viruses induce can alsoelicit a response from the immune systems owndendritic cells, which can then initiate a T-cellattack to destroy the tumor.(85) One pernicious aspect of cancer is its abilityto “cloak” itself from the immune system, so thatour T- and B-cells—guard dogs against dangerouscellular invaders—cant fight it effectively. Somecancers have even evolved proteins that kill(90) T-cells before they can attack. But now scientistsare finding ways to break through these chemicaldefenses and let the immune system do its job.Such therapies, known as immunotherapies,may soon be used jointly with virotherapies(95) to marshal a “shock and awe” attack againstcancer. In one recent immunotherapy trial, 89%of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemiasaw a “complete” response, that is, their cancerbecame undetectable without surgery, radiation,(100) or chemotherapy.Developing these new therapies requiresa concerted effort: geneticists, immunologists,microbiologists, and molecular diagnosticiansmust work together to develop tools to detect the(105) genetic and molecular “markers” that identifyparticular cancer types and indicate howextensively they have spread. This will enabledoctors to personalize an efficient therapy foreach individual patient.Q.What potential drawback does this diagram suggest could compromise the effectiveness of virotherapy as a cancer treatment?a)The virus may not be able to infect the cancer cell or replicate within it.b)The immune system may eliminate the viruses before they have a chance to destroy the cancer cell.c)The virus may cause lysis of healthy cells.d)The virus may not spread after killing the cancer cell by lysis.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Question based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage is adapted from Alyson Shepherd, “The Promise of Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy." ©2015 by College Hill Coaching.If physician and microbiologist David Stojdlhas his way, the term “going viral” will soon get awhole new meaning. Together with researchersin the United States and Canada, Stojdl has spent(5) much of his career finding ways to turn virusesinto powerful cancer-killing machines, and someof the early successes are astonishing.For decades, viruses have rightfully beentreated as dangerous invaders. The word virus(10) itself means “poison” in Latin, and indeedviruses are the culprits implicated not only in thecommon cold and the more deadly influenza, butalso in some of the ghastliest afflictions humanityhas ever seen, such as smallpox, HIV, SARS, and(15) Ebola. Understandably, then, medical researchershave expended enormous effort to help the bodyidentify and destroy these stealthy aggressors.Vaccinations are the major successes on thisfront; introducing attenuated forms of otherwise(20) harmful viruses trains our immune systems toproduce antibodies that shield us from future infections.Now, however, researchers are harnessingthe efficient lethality of viruses to attack cancer.(25) Because viruses can attack inoperable tumors withmore precision than chemotherapy or radiationcan, and because they can attack malignanttumors on multiple fronts, virotherapy may wellturn out to be our most potent tool in oncology.(30) Viruses are tiny packages of genetic materialencased in a protein or lipid shell. When themolecules in this shell “match up” with themolecules on the surface of a cell—scientists referto this as a “lock-and-key” mechanism—the virus(35) attaches and injects its genes into the cell, wherethey co-opt the replication mechanisms of thecell to reproduce themselves.Physicians first recognized the tumor-fighting potential of viruses over a century ago.(40) In 1904, Italian doctors discovered that onewomans enormous cervical tumor disappearedsoon after she was administered a rabies vaccinefor a dog bite. Evidently, the same viruses thatwere boosting her immune system were also(45) attacking her cancer. Unfortunately, doctors ofthe time had no idea how this process worked.Attempts to replicate this success showedinconsistent results: most patients who receivedthe same treatment saw at best temporary(50) regression of their tumors, and none were cured.Today, however, modern researchers havepowerful tools not only for observing the complexfunctions of cellular and extracellular molecules,but also for manipulating the very genetic code(55) that produces some of those molecules. As aresult, they are learning to fine-tune virusesfor selective infection, so that they attack onlytumor cells and leave normal cells unscathed.Such precision, if it can be achieved, would(60) provide an enormous advantage over radiationand chemotherapy, which have highly toxic sideeffects on healthy tissue. In contrast, the worstside effects that virology patients are likely to seeare chills, fever, and fatigue.(65) Although research into virotherapy is stillin its early stages, natural and re-programmedviruses have already demonstrated four distinctcancer-destroying skills. First, they can killcancer cells directly through lysis, a process by(70) which they invade the cells and, under the rightconditions, replicate themselves so prolificallythat they tear the cells apart and then go onto infect other cells. Second, they can triggera process called apoptosis, a sequence of self-(75) destructive chemical reactions within the tumorcells, so that the cancer effectively commitssuicide. Third, they can be programmed toselectively attack the blood vessels that supplynutrients to a tumor (in a process called vascular(80) collapse) and kill the cancer by starvation. Lastly,the chemical activity that viruses induce can alsoelicit a response from the immune systems owndendritic cells, which can then initiate a T-cellattack to destroy the tumor.(85) One pernicious aspect of cancer is its abilityto “cloak” itself from the immune system, so thatour T- and B-cells—guard dogs against dangerouscellular invaders—cant fight it effectively. Somecancers have even evolved proteins that kill(90) T-cells before they can attack. But now scientistsare finding ways to break through these chemicaldefenses and let the immune system do its job.Such therapies, known as immunotherapies,may soon be used jointly with virotherapies(95) to marshal a “shock and awe” attack againstcancer. In one recent immunotherapy trial, 89%of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemiasaw a “complete” response, that is, their cancerbecame undetectable without surgery, radiation,(100) or chemotherapy.Developing these new therapies requiresa concerted effort: geneticists, immunologists,microbiologists, and molecular diagnosticiansmust work together to develop tools to detect the(105) genetic and molecular “markers” that identifyparticular cancer types and indicate howextensively they have spread. This will enabledoctors to personalize an efficient therapy foreach individual patient.Q.What potential drawback does this diagram suggest could compromise the effectiveness of virotherapy as a cancer treatment?a)The virus may not be able to infect the cancer cell or replicate within it.b)The immune system may eliminate the viruses before they have a chance to destroy the cancer cell.c)The virus may cause lysis of healthy cells.d)The virus may not spread after killing the cancer cell by lysis.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice SAT tests.