Question Description
Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageListening to a Different LanguageDog obedience training is an important undertaking when (1)one acquiresa new dog. This is particularly important if the dog owner is a social person or plans to interact with other dogs and (2)theowners. One problem, however, is that obedience training (3)wasa form of one-way communication from the owner to the dog. Many owners fail to consider that the animal actually communicates back.Carefully watching a (4) dogmovements and facial expressions reveals a great deal about what a dog is thinking. A dog’s forehead, for example, may wrinklewhen the dog is (5)confusedor waiting for a signal from its owner. When the dog wants to play, it might pull (6)thelips back slightly, showing its teeth in a “smile.” A relaxed dog might let its tongue loll out of its mouth, creating a look of contentment on its face.(7)Other forms of body language (8)can also indicatewhich emotion a dog is experiencing. For example, if its ears are raised, it is probably absorbing the sounds around it.Shifting its ears back flat against its head demonstrates submission or fear.(9) A high, wagging tail shows that the dog is happy and ready to play. If the wagging tail is held low and taut, however, the dog is probably on guard and may be ready to pounce. When it feels threatened or indicates submissiveness, the dog might tuck its tail between its legs, crouch down, and then roll over onto its back. (10) Body language and even vocalizations are good indicators of a dog’s emotions.1.While most dogs are capable of learning a variety of human words and physical (11)signals; traininga dog becomes much easier when the owner tries to discern its unique communication signals.2.As an owner begins tuning into his or her dog’s body language, he or she may find that the dog responds to movements in addition to verbal commands.3.For example, when teaching a dog to “come,” the owner might find it more effective to crouch down, the owner’s back to the dog as its name is called.4.The dog will interpret this behavior in a more positive light than if the owner leans forward and yells at it to “come.”5.To a dog, a crouching position is more welcoming than a forward-lean, which a dog naturally finds threatening.6.Dog owners should always have small treats on hand to reward their dog when it obeys a command. (12)The bottom (13)line, isthat there is a great deal more involved in (14)communicating witha canine than just teaching it to come, stay, heel, and fetch. To attain a strong, two-way relationship, it is (15)best with rememberingthe importance of non-verbal communication.Q. (1)a)No changeb)one’s acquiringc)one who acquiresd)it acquiresCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? for ACT 2025 is part of ACT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the ACT exam syllabus. Information about Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageListening to a Different LanguageDog obedience training is an important undertaking when (1)one acquiresa new dog. This is particularly important if the dog owner is a social person or plans to interact with other dogs and (2)theowners. One problem, however, is that obedience training (3)wasa form of one-way communication from the owner to the dog. Many owners fail to consider that the animal actually communicates back.Carefully watching a (4) dogmovements and facial expressions reveals a great deal about what a dog is thinking. A dog’s forehead, for example, may wrinklewhen the dog is (5)confusedor waiting for a signal from its owner. When the dog wants to play, it might pull (6)thelips back slightly, showing its teeth in a “smile.” A relaxed dog might let its tongue loll out of its mouth, creating a look of contentment on its face.(7)Other forms of body language (8)can also indicatewhich emotion a dog is experiencing. For example, if its ears are raised, it is probably absorbing the sounds around it.Shifting its ears back flat against its head demonstrates submission or fear.(9) A high, wagging tail shows that the dog is happy and ready to play. If the wagging tail is held low and taut, however, the dog is probably on guard and may be ready to pounce. When it feels threatened or indicates submissiveness, the dog might tuck its tail between its legs, crouch down, and then roll over onto its back. (10) Body language and even vocalizations are good indicators of a dog’s emotions.1.While most dogs are capable of learning a variety of human words and physical (11)signals; traininga dog becomes much easier when the owner tries to discern its unique communication signals.2.As an owner begins tuning into his or her dog’s body language, he or she may find that the dog responds to movements in addition to verbal commands.3.For example, when teaching a dog to “come,” the owner might find it more effective to crouch down, the owner’s back to the dog as its name is called.4.The dog will interpret this behavior in a more positive light than if the owner leans forward and yells at it to “come.”5.To a dog, a crouching position is more welcoming than a forward-lean, which a dog naturally finds threatening.6.Dog owners should always have small treats on hand to reward their dog when it obeys a command. (12)The bottom (13)line, isthat there is a great deal more involved in (14)communicating witha canine than just teaching it to come, stay, heel, and fetch. To attain a strong, two-way relationship, it is (15)best with rememberingthe importance of non-verbal communication.Q. (1)a)No changeb)one’s acquiringc)one who acquiresd)it acquiresCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for ACT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageListening to a Different LanguageDog obedience training is an important undertaking when (1)one acquiresa new dog. This is particularly important if the dog owner is a social person or plans to interact with other dogs and (2)theowners. One problem, however, is that obedience training (3)wasa form of one-way communication from the owner to the dog. Many owners fail to consider that the animal actually communicates back.Carefully watching a (4) dogmovements and facial expressions reveals a great deal about what a dog is thinking. A dog’s forehead, for example, may wrinklewhen the dog is (5)confusedor waiting for a signal from its owner. When the dog wants to play, it might pull (6)thelips back slightly, showing its teeth in a “smile.” A relaxed dog might let its tongue loll out of its mouth, creating a look of contentment on its face.(7)Other forms of body language (8)can also indicatewhich emotion a dog is experiencing. For example, if its ears are raised, it is probably absorbing the sounds around it.Shifting its ears back flat against its head demonstrates submission or fear.(9) A high, wagging tail shows that the dog is happy and ready to play. If the wagging tail is held low and taut, however, the dog is probably on guard and may be ready to pounce. When it feels threatened or indicates submissiveness, the dog might tuck its tail between its legs, crouch down, and then roll over onto its back. (10) Body language and even vocalizations are good indicators of a dog’s emotions.1.While most dogs are capable of learning a variety of human words and physical (11)signals; traininga dog becomes much easier when the owner tries to discern its unique communication signals.2.As an owner begins tuning into his or her dog’s body language, he or she may find that the dog responds to movements in addition to verbal commands.3.For example, when teaching a dog to “come,” the owner might find it more effective to crouch down, the owner’s back to the dog as its name is called.4.The dog will interpret this behavior in a more positive light than if the owner leans forward and yells at it to “come.”5.To a dog, a crouching position is more welcoming than a forward-lean, which a dog naturally finds threatening.6.Dog owners should always have small treats on hand to reward their dog when it obeys a command. (12)The bottom (13)line, isthat there is a great deal more involved in (14)communicating witha canine than just teaching it to come, stay, heel, and fetch. To attain a strong, two-way relationship, it is (15)best with rememberingthe importance of non-verbal communication.Q. (1)a)No changeb)one’s acquiringc)one who acquiresd)it acquiresCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageListening to a Different LanguageDog obedience training is an important undertaking when (1)one acquiresa new dog. This is particularly important if the dog owner is a social person or plans to interact with other dogs and (2)theowners. One problem, however, is that obedience training (3)wasa form of one-way communication from the owner to the dog. Many owners fail to consider that the animal actually communicates back.Carefully watching a (4) dogmovements and facial expressions reveals a great deal about what a dog is thinking. A dog’s forehead, for example, may wrinklewhen the dog is (5)confusedor waiting for a signal from its owner. When the dog wants to play, it might pull (6)thelips back slightly, showing its teeth in a “smile.” A relaxed dog might let its tongue loll out of its mouth, creating a look of contentment on its face.(7)Other forms of body language (8)can also indicatewhich emotion a dog is experiencing. For example, if its ears are raised, it is probably absorbing the sounds around it.Shifting its ears back flat against its head demonstrates submission or fear.(9) A high, wagging tail shows that the dog is happy and ready to play. If the wagging tail is held low and taut, however, the dog is probably on guard and may be ready to pounce. When it feels threatened or indicates submissiveness, the dog might tuck its tail between its legs, crouch down, and then roll over onto its back. (10) Body language and even vocalizations are good indicators of a dog’s emotions.1.While most dogs are capable of learning a variety of human words and physical (11)signals; traininga dog becomes much easier when the owner tries to discern its unique communication signals.2.As an owner begins tuning into his or her dog’s body language, he or she may find that the dog responds to movements in addition to verbal commands.3.For example, when teaching a dog to “come,” the owner might find it more effective to crouch down, the owner’s back to the dog as its name is called.4.The dog will interpret this behavior in a more positive light than if the owner leans forward and yells at it to “come.”5.To a dog, a crouching position is more welcoming than a forward-lean, which a dog naturally finds threatening.6.Dog owners should always have small treats on hand to reward their dog when it obeys a command. (12)The bottom (13)line, isthat there is a great deal more involved in (14)communicating witha canine than just teaching it to come, stay, heel, and fetch. To attain a strong, two-way relationship, it is (15)best with rememberingthe importance of non-verbal communication.Q. (1)a)No changeb)one’s acquiringc)one who acquiresd)it acquiresCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for ACT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for ACT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageListening to a Different LanguageDog obedience training is an important undertaking when (1)one acquiresa new dog. This is particularly important if the dog owner is a social person or plans to interact with other dogs and (2)theowners. One problem, however, is that obedience training (3)wasa form of one-way communication from the owner to the dog. Many owners fail to consider that the animal actually communicates back.Carefully watching a (4) dogmovements and facial expressions reveals a great deal about what a dog is thinking. A dog’s forehead, for example, may wrinklewhen the dog is (5)confusedor waiting for a signal from its owner. When the dog wants to play, it might pull (6)thelips back slightly, showing its teeth in a “smile.” A relaxed dog might let its tongue loll out of its mouth, creating a look of contentment on its face.(7)Other forms of body language (8)can also indicatewhich emotion a dog is experiencing. For example, if its ears are raised, it is probably absorbing the sounds around it.Shifting its ears back flat against its head demonstrates submission or fear.(9) A high, wagging tail shows that the dog is happy and ready to play. If the wagging tail is held low and taut, however, the dog is probably on guard and may be ready to pounce. When it feels threatened or indicates submissiveness, the dog might tuck its tail between its legs, crouch down, and then roll over onto its back. (10) Body language and even vocalizations are good indicators of a dog’s emotions.1.While most dogs are capable of learning a variety of human words and physical (11)signals; traininga dog becomes much easier when the owner tries to discern its unique communication signals.2.As an owner begins tuning into his or her dog’s body language, he or she may find that the dog responds to movements in addition to verbal commands.3.For example, when teaching a dog to “come,” the owner might find it more effective to crouch down, the owner’s back to the dog as its name is called.4.The dog will interpret this behavior in a more positive light than if the owner leans forward and yells at it to “come.”5.To a dog, a crouching position is more welcoming than a forward-lean, which a dog naturally finds threatening.6.Dog owners should always have small treats on hand to reward their dog when it obeys a command. (12)The bottom (13)line, isthat there is a great deal more involved in (14)communicating witha canine than just teaching it to come, stay, heel, and fetch. To attain a strong, two-way relationship, it is (15)best with rememberingthe importance of non-verbal communication.Q. (1)a)No changeb)one’s acquiringc)one who acquiresd)it acquiresCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageListening to a Different LanguageDog obedience training is an important undertaking when (1)one acquiresa new dog. This is particularly important if the dog owner is a social person or plans to interact with other dogs and (2)theowners. One problem, however, is that obedience training (3)wasa form of one-way communication from the owner to the dog. Many owners fail to consider that the animal actually communicates back.Carefully watching a (4) dogmovements and facial expressions reveals a great deal about what a dog is thinking. A dog’s forehead, for example, may wrinklewhen the dog is (5)confusedor waiting for a signal from its owner. When the dog wants to play, it might pull (6)thelips back slightly, showing its teeth in a “smile.” A relaxed dog might let its tongue loll out of its mouth, creating a look of contentment on its face.(7)Other forms of body language (8)can also indicatewhich emotion a dog is experiencing. For example, if its ears are raised, it is probably absorbing the sounds around it.Shifting its ears back flat against its head demonstrates submission or fear.(9) A high, wagging tail shows that the dog is happy and ready to play. If the wagging tail is held low and taut, however, the dog is probably on guard and may be ready to pounce. When it feels threatened or indicates submissiveness, the dog might tuck its tail between its legs, crouch down, and then roll over onto its back. (10) Body language and even vocalizations are good indicators of a dog’s emotions.1.While most dogs are capable of learning a variety of human words and physical (11)signals; traininga dog becomes much easier when the owner tries to discern its unique communication signals.2.As an owner begins tuning into his or her dog’s body language, he or she may find that the dog responds to movements in addition to verbal commands.3.For example, when teaching a dog to “come,” the owner might find it more effective to crouch down, the owner’s back to the dog as its name is called.4.The dog will interpret this behavior in a more positive light than if the owner leans forward and yells at it to “come.”5.To a dog, a crouching position is more welcoming than a forward-lean, which a dog naturally finds threatening.6.Dog owners should always have small treats on hand to reward their dog when it obeys a command. (12)The bottom (13)line, isthat there is a great deal more involved in (14)communicating witha canine than just teaching it to come, stay, heel, and fetch. To attain a strong, two-way relationship, it is (15)best with rememberingthe importance of non-verbal communication.Q. (1)a)No changeb)one’s acquiringc)one who acquiresd)it acquiresCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageListening to a Different LanguageDog obedience training is an important undertaking when (1)one acquiresa new dog. This is particularly important if the dog owner is a social person or plans to interact with other dogs and (2)theowners. One problem, however, is that obedience training (3)wasa form of one-way communication from the owner to the dog. Many owners fail to consider that the animal actually communicates back.Carefully watching a (4) dogmovements and facial expressions reveals a great deal about what a dog is thinking. A dog’s forehead, for example, may wrinklewhen the dog is (5)confusedor waiting for a signal from its owner. When the dog wants to play, it might pull (6)thelips back slightly, showing its teeth in a “smile.” A relaxed dog might let its tongue loll out of its mouth, creating a look of contentment on its face.(7)Other forms of body language (8)can also indicatewhich emotion a dog is experiencing. For example, if its ears are raised, it is probably absorbing the sounds around it.Shifting its ears back flat against its head demonstrates submission or fear.(9) A high, wagging tail shows that the dog is happy and ready to play. If the wagging tail is held low and taut, however, the dog is probably on guard and may be ready to pounce. When it feels threatened or indicates submissiveness, the dog might tuck its tail between its legs, crouch down, and then roll over onto its back. (10) Body language and even vocalizations are good indicators of a dog’s emotions.1.While most dogs are capable of learning a variety of human words and physical (11)signals; traininga dog becomes much easier when the owner tries to discern its unique communication signals.2.As an owner begins tuning into his or her dog’s body language, he or she may find that the dog responds to movements in addition to verbal commands.3.For example, when teaching a dog to “come,” the owner might find it more effective to crouch down, the owner’s back to the dog as its name is called.4.The dog will interpret this behavior in a more positive light than if the owner leans forward and yells at it to “come.”5.To a dog, a crouching position is more welcoming than a forward-lean, which a dog naturally finds threatening.6.Dog owners should always have small treats on hand to reward their dog when it obeys a command. (12)The bottom (13)line, isthat there is a great deal more involved in (14)communicating witha canine than just teaching it to come, stay, heel, and fetch. To attain a strong, two-way relationship, it is (15)best with rememberingthe importance of non-verbal communication.Q. (1)a)No changeb)one’s acquiringc)one who acquiresd)it acquiresCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageListening to a Different LanguageDog obedience training is an important undertaking when (1)one acquiresa new dog. This is particularly important if the dog owner is a social person or plans to interact with other dogs and (2)theowners. One problem, however, is that obedience training (3)wasa form of one-way communication from the owner to the dog. Many owners fail to consider that the animal actually communicates back.Carefully watching a (4) dogmovements and facial expressions reveals a great deal about what a dog is thinking. A dog’s forehead, for example, may wrinklewhen the dog is (5)confusedor waiting for a signal from its owner. When the dog wants to play, it might pull (6)thelips back slightly, showing its teeth in a “smile.” A relaxed dog might let its tongue loll out of its mouth, creating a look of contentment on its face.(7)Other forms of body language (8)can also indicatewhich emotion a dog is experiencing. For example, if its ears are raised, it is probably absorbing the sounds around it.Shifting its ears back flat against its head demonstrates submission or fear.(9) A high, wagging tail shows that the dog is happy and ready to play. If the wagging tail is held low and taut, however, the dog is probably on guard and may be ready to pounce. When it feels threatened or indicates submissiveness, the dog might tuck its tail between its legs, crouch down, and then roll over onto its back. (10) Body language and even vocalizations are good indicators of a dog’s emotions.1.While most dogs are capable of learning a variety of human words and physical (11)signals; traininga dog becomes much easier when the owner tries to discern its unique communication signals.2.As an owner begins tuning into his or her dog’s body language, he or she may find that the dog responds to movements in addition to verbal commands.3.For example, when teaching a dog to “come,” the owner might find it more effective to crouch down, the owner’s back to the dog as its name is called.4.The dog will interpret this behavior in a more positive light than if the owner leans forward and yells at it to “come.”5.To a dog, a crouching position is more welcoming than a forward-lean, which a dog naturally finds threatening.6.Dog owners should always have small treats on hand to reward their dog when it obeys a command. (12)The bottom (13)line, isthat there is a great deal more involved in (14)communicating witha canine than just teaching it to come, stay, heel, and fetch. To attain a strong, two-way relationship, it is (15)best with rememberingthe importance of non-verbal communication.Q. (1)a)No changeb)one’s acquiringc)one who acquiresd)it acquiresCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageListening to a Different LanguageDog obedience training is an important undertaking when (1)one acquiresa new dog. This is particularly important if the dog owner is a social person or plans to interact with other dogs and (2)theowners. One problem, however, is that obedience training (3)wasa form of one-way communication from the owner to the dog. Many owners fail to consider that the animal actually communicates back.Carefully watching a (4) dogmovements and facial expressions reveals a great deal about what a dog is thinking. A dog’s forehead, for example, may wrinklewhen the dog is (5)confusedor waiting for a signal from its owner. When the dog wants to play, it might pull (6)thelips back slightly, showing its teeth in a “smile.” A relaxed dog might let its tongue loll out of its mouth, creating a look of contentment on its face.(7)Other forms of body language (8)can also indicatewhich emotion a dog is experiencing. For example, if its ears are raised, it is probably absorbing the sounds around it.Shifting its ears back flat against its head demonstrates submission or fear.(9) A high, wagging tail shows that the dog is happy and ready to play. If the wagging tail is held low and taut, however, the dog is probably on guard and may be ready to pounce. When it feels threatened or indicates submissiveness, the dog might tuck its tail between its legs, crouch down, and then roll over onto its back. (10) Body language and even vocalizations are good indicators of a dog’s emotions.1.While most dogs are capable of learning a variety of human words and physical (11)signals; traininga dog becomes much easier when the owner tries to discern its unique communication signals.2.As an owner begins tuning into his or her dog’s body language, he or she may find that the dog responds to movements in addition to verbal commands.3.For example, when teaching a dog to “come,” the owner might find it more effective to crouch down, the owner’s back to the dog as its name is called.4.The dog will interpret this behavior in a more positive light than if the owner leans forward and yells at it to “come.”5.To a dog, a crouching position is more welcoming than a forward-lean, which a dog naturally finds threatening.6.Dog owners should always have small treats on hand to reward their dog when it obeys a command. (12)The bottom (13)line, isthat there is a great deal more involved in (14)communicating witha canine than just teaching it to come, stay, heel, and fetch. To attain a strong, two-way relationship, it is (15)best with rememberingthe importance of non-verbal communication.Q. (1)a)No changeb)one’s acquiringc)one who acquiresd)it acquiresCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice ACT tests.