Explanation:
To calculate a physical quantity based on Newton's second law, we need to know the magnitude of force on a given mass. The physical quantity that can be calculated is the acceleration of the object.
Newton's second law:
According to Newton's second law of motion, the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Mathematically, it can be represented as:
F = m * a
Where:
F = Net force acting on the object
m = Mass of the object
a = Acceleration of the object
Explanation of options:
A: Velocity: Velocity is the rate at which an object changes its position with respect to time. It is not directly related to Newton's second law.
B: Momentum: Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity. While momentum can be calculated using Newton's second law, it is not the physical quantity that can be directly calculated if we only know the magnitude of force and mass.
C: Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. It is directly related to Newton's second law and can be calculated if we know the magnitude of force and mass.
D: None of the above: This option is incorrect as the correct answer is option C, acceleration.
Conclusion:
Based on Newton's second law, the physical quantity that can be calculated if we know the magnitude of force on a given mass is the acceleration of the object.

The correct answer is option 'C', acceleration.

- Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Mathematically, it can be expressed as F = ma, where F is the force acting on the object, m is its mass, and a is its acceleration.
- This law helps us understand the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. If we know the magnitude of the force acting on a given mass, we can calculate the resulting acceleration using Newton's second law.
- Velocity, on the other hand, is a measure of how fast an object is moving in a particular direction. It is not directly related to the force acting on the object.
- Momentum is the product of an object's mass and its velocity. While momentum is related to force, it is not the physical quantity that can be calculated directly from the magnitude of force and mass.
- Therefore, the correct answer is acceleration (option 'C') as it is the physical quantity that can be calculated if we know the magnitude of force on a given mass, according to Newton's second law.
- Acceleration is a measure of how quickly an object's velocity is changing. It can be positive (when the object is speeding up), negative (when the object is slowing down), or zero (when the object is moving at a constant speed).
- Knowing the magnitude of the force acting on a mass allows us to determine how much the object's velocity will change over time, which is represented by its acceleration.
- By using the formula F = ma, we can rearrange it to find the acceleration: a = F/m. This equation shows that the acceleration is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
- It is important to note that the direction of the force and the resulting acceleration will depend on the situation and the specific forces involved.