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Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageThe following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. You may be asked questions about the logical order of the paragraphs, as well as where to place sentences logically within any given paragraph.Strides Toward Safety1. Automotive engineers all over the world are responsible for designing and (1)redesigning, specialfeatures for the newest car models. These engineers also know that it is necessary to consider safety issues in all new designs. Statistics consistently indicate that car (2)accidents occur more oftenduring the night than during the day. These statistics (3)takes into accountthat there are fewer drivers on the road at night.2.(4) One such design employs headlights that swivel back and forth, allowing the driver to see the road ahead moreclearly (5)by illumination ofthe sides of the road better than traditional headlamps. Automatic high-beam headlights (6)isanother innovative design that could improve the driver’s reaction time. All cars have been equipped with high-beam headlight (7)switches for many years,most drivers do not use their high-beams even when (9)theywould provide a great deal more light on the road. Switching back and forth from high-beam to low-beam lights (10)provingto be a nuisance to many drivers, especially when another car is coming straight towards them. Therefore, some car manufacturers now provide a system whereby a device detects when the high-beams should be on and when they should be off, and the change is made automatically.3.[1] (11)Two other systems that are being developed to potentially increase safety on the road at night,the NIR (or Near-Infrared) system and the FIR (or Far-Infrared) system.[2] In the NIR system, an infrared light is emitted from the front of the vehicle when nearby objects such asanimals or people are detected.[3] (12)Images will displayon a screen in front of the driver who can then respond appropriately.[4] The FIR system measures the heat radiation of nearby objects and flashes the images on the driver’s screen.(13)[5] Even as car makers work diligently to improve safety on the road particularly during (14)dangerous nighttime driving, no device can replace the vigilance and skill of the driver.[6] More advanced technologies might improve (15)safety, but theperson in the driver’s seat plays the most critical role in reducing night-driving incidents.Q. (15)The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to show that car manufacturers are concerned with safety issues.While many of these accidents are related to driver fatigue and drunk driving, the inherent hazards of driving in the dark are important factors to be considered in any design initiative.a)at the beginning of the essay.b)at the end of Paragraph 1.c)at the end of Paragraph 2.d)at the end of Paragraph 3.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? for ACT 2025 is part of ACT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared
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the ACT exam syllabus. Information about Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageThe following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. You may be asked questions about the logical order of the paragraphs, as well as where to place sentences logically within any given paragraph.Strides Toward Safety1. Automotive engineers all over the world are responsible for designing and (1)redesigning, specialfeatures for the newest car models. These engineers also know that it is necessary to consider safety issues in all new designs. Statistics consistently indicate that car (2)accidents occur more oftenduring the night than during the day. These statistics (3)takes into accountthat there are fewer drivers on the road at night.2.(4) One such design employs headlights that swivel back and forth, allowing the driver to see the road ahead moreclearly (5)by illumination ofthe sides of the road better than traditional headlamps. Automatic high-beam headlights (6)isanother innovative design that could improve the driver’s reaction time. All cars have been equipped with high-beam headlight (7)switches for many years,most drivers do not use their high-beams even when (9)theywould provide a great deal more light on the road. Switching back and forth from high-beam to low-beam lights (10)provingto be a nuisance to many drivers, especially when another car is coming straight towards them. Therefore, some car manufacturers now provide a system whereby a device detects when the high-beams should be on and when they should be off, and the change is made automatically.3.[1] (11)Two other systems that are being developed to potentially increase safety on the road at night,the NIR (or Near-Infrared) system and the FIR (or Far-Infrared) system.[2] In the NIR system, an infrared light is emitted from the front of the vehicle when nearby objects such asanimals or people are detected.[3] (12)Images will displayon a screen in front of the driver who can then respond appropriately.[4] The FIR system measures the heat radiation of nearby objects and flashes the images on the driver’s screen.(13)[5] Even as car makers work diligently to improve safety on the road particularly during (14)dangerous nighttime driving, no device can replace the vigilance and skill of the driver.[6] More advanced technologies might improve (15)safety, but theperson in the driver’s seat plays the most critical role in reducing night-driving incidents.Q. (15)The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to show that car manufacturers are concerned with safety issues.While many of these accidents are related to driver fatigue and drunk driving, the inherent hazards of driving in the dark are important factors to be considered in any design initiative.a)at the beginning of the essay.b)at the end of Paragraph 1.c)at the end of Paragraph 2.d)at the end of Paragraph 3.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for ACT 2025 Exam.
Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageThe following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. You may be asked questions about the logical order of the paragraphs, as well as where to place sentences logically within any given paragraph.Strides Toward Safety1. Automotive engineers all over the world are responsible for designing and (1)redesigning, specialfeatures for the newest car models. These engineers also know that it is necessary to consider safety issues in all new designs. Statistics consistently indicate that car (2)accidents occur more oftenduring the night than during the day. These statistics (3)takes into accountthat there are fewer drivers on the road at night.2.(4) One such design employs headlights that swivel back and forth, allowing the driver to see the road ahead moreclearly (5)by illumination ofthe sides of the road better than traditional headlamps. Automatic high-beam headlights (6)isanother innovative design that could improve the driver’s reaction time. All cars have been equipped with high-beam headlight (7)switches for many years,most drivers do not use their high-beams even when (9)theywould provide a great deal more light on the road. Switching back and forth from high-beam to low-beam lights (10)provingto be a nuisance to many drivers, especially when another car is coming straight towards them. Therefore, some car manufacturers now provide a system whereby a device detects when the high-beams should be on and when they should be off, and the change is made automatically.3.[1] (11)Two other systems that are being developed to potentially increase safety on the road at night,the NIR (or Near-Infrared) system and the FIR (or Far-Infrared) system.[2] In the NIR system, an infrared light is emitted from the front of the vehicle when nearby objects such asanimals or people are detected.[3] (12)Images will displayon a screen in front of the driver who can then respond appropriately.[4] The FIR system measures the heat radiation of nearby objects and flashes the images on the driver’s screen.(13)[5] Even as car makers work diligently to improve safety on the road particularly during (14)dangerous nighttime driving, no device can replace the vigilance and skill of the driver.[6] More advanced technologies might improve (15)safety, but theperson in the driver’s seat plays the most critical role in reducing night-driving incidents.Q. (15)The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to show that car manufacturers are concerned with safety issues.While many of these accidents are related to driver fatigue and drunk driving, the inherent hazards of driving in the dark are important factors to be considered in any design initiative.a)at the beginning of the essay.b)at the end of Paragraph 1.c)at the end of Paragraph 2.d)at the end of Paragraph 3.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?.
Solutions for Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageThe following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. You may be asked questions about the logical order of the paragraphs, as well as where to place sentences logically within any given paragraph.Strides Toward Safety1. Automotive engineers all over the world are responsible for designing and (1)redesigning, specialfeatures for the newest car models. These engineers also know that it is necessary to consider safety issues in all new designs. Statistics consistently indicate that car (2)accidents occur more oftenduring the night than during the day. These statistics (3)takes into accountthat there are fewer drivers on the road at night.2.(4) One such design employs headlights that swivel back and forth, allowing the driver to see the road ahead moreclearly (5)by illumination ofthe sides of the road better than traditional headlamps. Automatic high-beam headlights (6)isanother innovative design that could improve the driver’s reaction time. All cars have been equipped with high-beam headlight (7)switches for many years,most drivers do not use their high-beams even when (9)theywould provide a great deal more light on the road. Switching back and forth from high-beam to low-beam lights (10)provingto be a nuisance to many drivers, especially when another car is coming straight towards them. Therefore, some car manufacturers now provide a system whereby a device detects when the high-beams should be on and when they should be off, and the change is made automatically.3.[1] (11)Two other systems that are being developed to potentially increase safety on the road at night,the NIR (or Near-Infrared) system and the FIR (or Far-Infrared) system.[2] In the NIR system, an infrared light is emitted from the front of the vehicle when nearby objects such asanimals or people are detected.[3] (12)Images will displayon a screen in front of the driver who can then respond appropriately.[4] The FIR system measures the heat radiation of nearby objects and flashes the images on the driver’s screen.(13)[5] Even as car makers work diligently to improve safety on the road particularly during (14)dangerous nighttime driving, no device can replace the vigilance and skill of the driver.[6] More advanced technologies might improve (15)safety, but theperson in the driver’s seat plays the most critical role in reducing night-driving incidents.Q. (15)The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to show that car manufacturers are concerned with safety issues.While many of these accidents are related to driver fatigue and drunk driving, the inherent hazards of driving in the dark are important factors to be considered in any design initiative.a)at the beginning of the essay.b)at the end of Paragraph 1.c)at the end of Paragraph 2.d)at the end of Paragraph 3.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for ACT.
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Here you can find the meaning of Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageThe following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. You may be asked questions about the logical order of the paragraphs, as well as where to place sentences logically within any given paragraph.Strides Toward Safety1. Automotive engineers all over the world are responsible for designing and (1)redesigning, specialfeatures for the newest car models. These engineers also know that it is necessary to consider safety issues in all new designs. Statistics consistently indicate that car (2)accidents occur more oftenduring the night than during the day. These statistics (3)takes into accountthat there are fewer drivers on the road at night.2.(4) One such design employs headlights that swivel back and forth, allowing the driver to see the road ahead moreclearly (5)by illumination ofthe sides of the road better than traditional headlamps. Automatic high-beam headlights (6)isanother innovative design that could improve the driver’s reaction time. All cars have been equipped with high-beam headlight (7)switches for many years,most drivers do not use their high-beams even when (9)theywould provide a great deal more light on the road. Switching back and forth from high-beam to low-beam lights (10)provingto be a nuisance to many drivers, especially when another car is coming straight towards them. Therefore, some car manufacturers now provide a system whereby a device detects when the high-beams should be on and when they should be off, and the change is made automatically.3.[1] (11)Two other systems that are being developed to potentially increase safety on the road at night,the NIR (or Near-Infrared) system and the FIR (or Far-Infrared) system.[2] In the NIR system, an infrared light is emitted from the front of the vehicle when nearby objects such asanimals or people are detected.[3] (12)Images will displayon a screen in front of the driver who can then respond appropriately.[4] The FIR system measures the heat radiation of nearby objects and flashes the images on the driver’s screen.(13)[5] Even as car makers work diligently to improve safety on the road particularly during (14)dangerous nighttime driving, no device can replace the vigilance and skill of the driver.[6] More advanced technologies might improve (15)safety, but theperson in the driver’s seat plays the most critical role in reducing night-driving incidents.Q. (15)The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to show that car manufacturers are concerned with safety issues.While many of these accidents are related to driver fatigue and drunk driving, the inherent hazards of driving in the dark are important factors to be considered in any design initiative.a)at the beginning of the essay.b)at the end of Paragraph 1.c)at the end of Paragraph 2.d)at the end of Paragraph 3.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of
Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageThe following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. You may be asked questions about the logical order of the paragraphs, as well as where to place sentences logically within any given paragraph.Strides Toward Safety1. Automotive engineers all over the world are responsible for designing and (1)redesigning, specialfeatures for the newest car models. These engineers also know that it is necessary to consider safety issues in all new designs. Statistics consistently indicate that car (2)accidents occur more oftenduring the night than during the day. These statistics (3)takes into accountthat there are fewer drivers on the road at night.2.(4) One such design employs headlights that swivel back and forth, allowing the driver to see the road ahead moreclearly (5)by illumination ofthe sides of the road better than traditional headlamps. Automatic high-beam headlights (6)isanother innovative design that could improve the driver’s reaction time. All cars have been equipped with high-beam headlight (7)switches for many years,most drivers do not use their high-beams even when (9)theywould provide a great deal more light on the road. Switching back and forth from high-beam to low-beam lights (10)provingto be a nuisance to many drivers, especially when another car is coming straight towards them. Therefore, some car manufacturers now provide a system whereby a device detects when the high-beams should be on and when they should be off, and the change is made automatically.3.[1] (11)Two other systems that are being developed to potentially increase safety on the road at night,the NIR (or Near-Infrared) system and the FIR (or Far-Infrared) system.[2] In the NIR system, an infrared light is emitted from the front of the vehicle when nearby objects such asanimals or people are detected.[3] (12)Images will displayon a screen in front of the driver who can then respond appropriately.[4] The FIR system measures the heat radiation of nearby objects and flashes the images on the driver’s screen.(13)[5] Even as car makers work diligently to improve safety on the road particularly during (14)dangerous nighttime driving, no device can replace the vigilance and skill of the driver.[6] More advanced technologies might improve (15)safety, but theperson in the driver’s seat plays the most critical role in reducing night-driving incidents.Q. (15)The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to show that car manufacturers are concerned with safety issues.While many of these accidents are related to driver fatigue and drunk driving, the inherent hazards of driving in the dark are important factors to be considered in any design initiative.a)at the beginning of the essay.b)at the end of Paragraph 1.c)at the end of Paragraph 2.d)at the end of Paragraph 3.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageThe following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. You may be asked questions about the logical order of the paragraphs, as well as where to place sentences logically within any given paragraph.Strides Toward Safety1. Automotive engineers all over the world are responsible for designing and (1)redesigning, specialfeatures for the newest car models. These engineers also know that it is necessary to consider safety issues in all new designs. Statistics consistently indicate that car (2)accidents occur more oftenduring the night than during the day. These statistics (3)takes into accountthat there are fewer drivers on the road at night.2.(4) One such design employs headlights that swivel back and forth, allowing the driver to see the road ahead moreclearly (5)by illumination ofthe sides of the road better than traditional headlamps. Automatic high-beam headlights (6)isanother innovative design that could improve the driver’s reaction time. All cars have been equipped with high-beam headlight (7)switches for many years,most drivers do not use their high-beams even when (9)theywould provide a great deal more light on the road. Switching back and forth from high-beam to low-beam lights (10)provingto be a nuisance to many drivers, especially when another car is coming straight towards them. Therefore, some car manufacturers now provide a system whereby a device detects when the high-beams should be on and when they should be off, and the change is made automatically.3.[1] (11)Two other systems that are being developed to potentially increase safety on the road at night,the NIR (or Near-Infrared) system and the FIR (or Far-Infrared) system.[2] In the NIR system, an infrared light is emitted from the front of the vehicle when nearby objects such asanimals or people are detected.[3] (12)Images will displayon a screen in front of the driver who can then respond appropriately.[4] The FIR system measures the heat radiation of nearby objects and flashes the images on the driver’s screen.(13)[5] Even as car makers work diligently to improve safety on the road particularly during (14)dangerous nighttime driving, no device can replace the vigilance and skill of the driver.[6] More advanced technologies might improve (15)safety, but theperson in the driver’s seat plays the most critical role in reducing night-driving incidents.Q. (15)The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to show that car manufacturers are concerned with safety issues.While many of these accidents are related to driver fatigue and drunk driving, the inherent hazards of driving in the dark are important factors to be considered in any design initiative.a)at the beginning of the essay.b)at the end of Paragraph 1.c)at the end of Paragraph 2.d)at the end of Paragraph 3.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageThe following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. You may be asked questions about the logical order of the paragraphs, as well as where to place sentences logically within any given paragraph.Strides Toward Safety1. Automotive engineers all over the world are responsible for designing and (1)redesigning, specialfeatures for the newest car models. These engineers also know that it is necessary to consider safety issues in all new designs. Statistics consistently indicate that car (2)accidents occur more oftenduring the night than during the day. These statistics (3)takes into accountthat there are fewer drivers on the road at night.2.(4) One such design employs headlights that swivel back and forth, allowing the driver to see the road ahead moreclearly (5)by illumination ofthe sides of the road better than traditional headlamps. Automatic high-beam headlights (6)isanother innovative design that could improve the driver’s reaction time. All cars have been equipped with high-beam headlight (7)switches for many years,most drivers do not use their high-beams even when (9)theywould provide a great deal more light on the road. Switching back and forth from high-beam to low-beam lights (10)provingto be a nuisance to many drivers, especially when another car is coming straight towards them. Therefore, some car manufacturers now provide a system whereby a device detects when the high-beams should be on and when they should be off, and the change is made automatically.3.[1] (11)Two other systems that are being developed to potentially increase safety on the road at night,the NIR (or Near-Infrared) system and the FIR (or Far-Infrared) system.[2] In the NIR system, an infrared light is emitted from the front of the vehicle when nearby objects such asanimals or people are detected.[3] (12)Images will displayon a screen in front of the driver who can then respond appropriately.[4] The FIR system measures the heat radiation of nearby objects and flashes the images on the driver’s screen.(13)[5] Even as car makers work diligently to improve safety on the road particularly during (14)dangerous nighttime driving, no device can replace the vigilance and skill of the driver.[6] More advanced technologies might improve (15)safety, but theperson in the driver’s seat plays the most critical role in reducing night-driving incidents.Q. (15)The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to show that car manufacturers are concerned with safety issues.While many of these accidents are related to driver fatigue and drunk driving, the inherent hazards of driving in the dark are important factors to be considered in any design initiative.a)at the beginning of the essay.b)at the end of Paragraph 1.c)at the end of Paragraph 2.d)at the end of Paragraph 3.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an
ample number of questions to practice Directions:In the passages that follow, some words and phrases are underlined and numbered. In the answer column, you will find alternatives for the words and phrases that are underlined. If you think that the original version is best, choose “NO CHANGE,”. You will also find questions about a particular section of the passage, or about the entire passage. These questions will be identified either by an underlined portion or by a number in a box. Look for the answer that clearly expresses the idea, is consistent with the style and tone of the passage, and makes the correct use of standard written English. Read the passage through once before answering the questions. For some questions, you should read beyond the indicated portion before you answer.PassageThe following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. You may be asked questions about the logical order of the paragraphs, as well as where to place sentences logically within any given paragraph.Strides Toward Safety1. Automotive engineers all over the world are responsible for designing and (1)redesigning, specialfeatures for the newest car models. These engineers also know that it is necessary to consider safety issues in all new designs. Statistics consistently indicate that car (2)accidents occur more oftenduring the night than during the day. These statistics (3)takes into accountthat there are fewer drivers on the road at night.2.(4) One such design employs headlights that swivel back and forth, allowing the driver to see the road ahead moreclearly (5)by illumination ofthe sides of the road better than traditional headlamps. Automatic high-beam headlights (6)isanother innovative design that could improve the driver’s reaction time. All cars have been equipped with high-beam headlight (7)switches for many years,most drivers do not use their high-beams even when (9)theywould provide a great deal more light on the road. Switching back and forth from high-beam to low-beam lights (10)provingto be a nuisance to many drivers, especially when another car is coming straight towards them. Therefore, some car manufacturers now provide a system whereby a device detects when the high-beams should be on and when they should be off, and the change is made automatically.3.[1] (11)Two other systems that are being developed to potentially increase safety on the road at night,the NIR (or Near-Infrared) system and the FIR (or Far-Infrared) system.[2] In the NIR system, an infrared light is emitted from the front of the vehicle when nearby objects such asanimals or people are detected.[3] (12)Images will displayon a screen in front of the driver who can then respond appropriately.[4] The FIR system measures the heat radiation of nearby objects and flashes the images on the driver’s screen.(13)[5] Even as car makers work diligently to improve safety on the road particularly during (14)dangerous nighttime driving, no device can replace the vigilance and skill of the driver.[6] More advanced technologies might improve (15)safety, but theperson in the driver’s seat plays the most critical role in reducing night-driving incidents.Q. (15)The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to show that car manufacturers are concerned with safety issues.While many of these accidents are related to driver fatigue and drunk driving, the inherent hazards of driving in the dark are important factors to be considered in any design initiative.a)at the beginning of the essay.b)at the end of Paragraph 1.c)at the end of Paragraph 2.d)at the end of Paragraph 3.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice ACT tests.