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Question based on the following passages.
This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.
The physicist Richard Feynman once said,
“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”
With that inspiration, my colleagues and I set
out to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our
(5) teams have been developing tools to design whole
genomes, synthesize and assemble them in the
lab, and install them into a living cell. Our goal
was not just to elucidate the genetic components
required for life, but also to establish the
(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specific
applications.
To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,
we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNA
fragments (derived from the genome of the
(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched them
together using biomolecules we discovered, and
combined our new genetic sequences inside a
yeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809
base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest
(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized in
a laboratory.
Finally, we transplanted this synthetic
genome into a recipient cell, reprogramming
it with our rewritten genetic code. The original
(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually diluted
as the cell grew and divided. We named the new
synthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.
Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proof
that we could pull a DNA sequence out of the
(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequence
into a chemically synthesized structure, and
create a free-living cell based on that new DNA
sequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,
but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for
(35) DNA construction and activation. Our work
also established a design-build-test cycle for
designing a whole bacterial genome.
Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells with
new and improved biological functions that do
(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires a
deep knowledge of what natural biology already
does. We therefore have been working to create
a synthetic minimal cell—one that has only the
machinery necessary for life. And now we
(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of a
cell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome of
any cell that can autonomously replicate, with
just 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all of
the known genes involved in the synthesis and
(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,
149 genes with unknown biological function.
(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I can
create, I do understand.”) Those genes highlight
that our current knowledge of the genetic
(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designs
will remain restricted to naturally occurring DNA
sequences until we can define the function of
every gene and genetic element.
Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis
(60) for learning about the first principles of cellular
life and for discovering how to predictably impart
new biological functions. It can also help us
produce more complex microbial species that
could be valuable for industrial applications.
(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, it
would be devoting maximal energy to producing
the proteins programmed into the cell. Second,
because every gene is essential, a minimal
cell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular
(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, it
would be relatively straightforward to engineer.
Our synthetic cell work has been met
with some worries about the potential and the
safety of this level of genetic manipulation. We
(75) have been addressing the ethical and societal
implications of synthetic life since we first
proposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.
For example, our synthetic bacterial cells are
designed so they cannot live outside of the lab
(80) or other production environments. They are
dependent on certain specific nutrients
without which they cannot survive.
The possibilities of our technology are
boundless. This cell engineering will be
(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentally
sustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,
biofuels, and crops. We've already used our
technologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccine
in response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in
(90) China. Other applications include cars running
on biofuel from engineered microbes, plastics
made from biodegradable polymers, customized
pharmaceuticals “printed” at a patient's bedside.
These are just a few plausible benefits that could
(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life by
creating it.
This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.
The physicist Richard Feynman once said,
“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”
With that inspiration, my colleagues and I set
out to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our
(5) teams have been developing tools to design whole
genomes, synthesize and assemble them in the
lab, and install them into a living cell. Our goal
was not just to elucidate the genetic components
required for life, but also to establish the
(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specific
applications.
To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,
we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNA
fragments (derived from the genome of the
(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched them
together using biomolecules we discovered, and
combined our new genetic sequences inside a
yeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809
base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest
(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized in
a laboratory.
Finally, we transplanted this synthetic
genome into a recipient cell, reprogramming
it with our rewritten genetic code. The original
(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually diluted
as the cell grew and divided. We named the new
synthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.
Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proof
that we could pull a DNA sequence out of the
(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequence
into a chemically synthesized structure, and
create a free-living cell based on that new DNA
sequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,
but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for
(35) DNA construction and activation. Our work
also established a design-build-test cycle for
designing a whole bacterial genome.
Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells with
new and improved biological functions that do
(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires a
deep knowledge of what natural biology already
does. We therefore have been working to create
a synthetic minimal cell—one that has only the
machinery necessary for life. And now we
(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of a
cell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome of
any cell that can autonomously replicate, with
just 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all of
the known genes involved in the synthesis and
(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,
149 genes with unknown biological function.
(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I can
create, I do understand.”) Those genes highlight
that our current knowledge of the genetic
(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designs
will remain restricted to naturally occurring DNA
sequences until we can define the function of
every gene and genetic element.
Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis
(60) for learning about the first principles of cellular
life and for discovering how to predictably impart
new biological functions. It can also help us
produce more complex microbial species that
could be valuable for industrial applications.
(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, it
would be devoting maximal energy to producing
the proteins programmed into the cell. Second,
because every gene is essential, a minimal
cell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular
(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, it
would be relatively straightforward to engineer.
Our synthetic cell work has been met
with some worries about the potential and the
safety of this level of genetic manipulation. We
(75) have been addressing the ethical and societal
implications of synthetic life since we first
proposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.
For example, our synthetic bacterial cells are
designed so they cannot live outside of the lab
(80) or other production environments. They are
dependent on certain specific nutrients
without which they cannot survive.
The possibilities of our technology are
boundless. This cell engineering will be
(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentally
sustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,
biofuels, and crops. We've already used our
technologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccine
in response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in
(90) China. Other applications include cars running
on biofuel from engineered microbes, plastics
made from biodegradable polymers, customized
pharmaceuticals “printed” at a patient's bedside.
These are just a few plausible benefits that could
(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life by
creating it.
Q. The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPT
- a)tissue for artificial organs.
- b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.
- c)sustainable energy sources.
- d)environmentally friendly plastics.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Verified Answer
Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from ...
In the last paragraph, Gibson describes some of the potential applications of synthetic cells, such as lowcost, environmentally sustainable industrial chemicals, medicines (pharmaceuticals), biofuels (sustainable energy resources), and crops (lines 85–87) as well as biodegradable polymers (environmentally friendly plastics) (line 92). It does not, however, mention materials for artificial organs as a potential application.
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Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Question Description
Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? for SAT 2025 is part of SAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the SAT exam syllabus. Information about Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for SAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?.
Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? for SAT 2025 is part of SAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the SAT exam syllabus. Information about Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for SAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?.
Solutions for Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for SAT.
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Here you can find the meaning of Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of
Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an
ample number of questions to practice Question based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from Dan Gibson, “We synthesized a minimal cell and began a synthetic-life revolution," published in in Aeon (www.aeon.co) June 23, 2016. © 2016 Aeon Media Group, Ltd.The physicist Richard Feynman once said,“What I cannot create, I do not understand.”With that inspiration, my colleagues and I setout to assemble life. Over the past 15 years, our(5) teams have been developing tools to design wholegenomes, synthesize and assemble them in thelab, and install them into a living cell. Our goalwas not just to elucidate the genetic componentsrequired for life, but also to establish the(10) capacity to create organisms tailored to specificapplications.To build the first synthetic cell in 2010,we assembled 60-base double-stranded DNAfragments (derived from the genome of the(15) Mycoplasma mycoides yeast), stitched themtogether using biomolecules we discovered, andcombined our new genetic sequences inside ayeast cell. The synthetic genome was 1,078,809base pairs (genetic letters) long, the largest(20) chemically defined structure ever synthesized ina laboratory.Finally, we transplanted this syntheticgenome into a recipient cell, reprogrammingit with our rewritten genetic code. The original(25) traits of the recipient cell were eventually dilutedas the cell grew and divided. We named the newsynthetic cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0.Our syn1.0 synthetic cell was the first proofthat we could pull a DNA sequence out of the(30) computer, edit it, convert that revised sequenceinto a chemically synthesized structure, andcreate a free-living cell based on that new DNAsequence. Our syn1.0 work was only a first step,but it gave us an extraordinary set of tools for(35) DNA construction and activation. Our workalso established a design-build-test cycle fordesigning a whole bacterial genome.Synthetic biologists aim to produce cells withnew and improved biological functions that do(40) not already exist in nature. Doing so requires adeep knowledge of what natural biology alreadydoes. We therefore have been working to createa synthetic minimal cell—one that has only themachinery necessary for life. And now we(45) have succeeded with the synthesis of acell we call JCVI-syn3.0. It has the smallest genome ofany cell that can autonomously replicate, withjust 473 genes. JCVI-syn3.0 retains almost all ofthe known genes involved in the synthesis and(50) processing of macromolecules and, surprisingly,149 genes with unknown biological function.(Note that Feynman did not say: “What I cancreate, I do understand.”) Those genes highlightthat our current knowledge of the genetic(55) requirements for life is still limited. Our designswill remain restricted to naturally occurring DNAsequences until we can define the function ofevery gene and genetic element.Syn3.0 will be an extremely useful chassis(60) for learning about the first principles of cellularlife and for discovering how to predictably impartnew biological functions. It can also help usproduce more complex microbial species thatcould be valuable for industrial applications.(65) A minimal cell has several advantages. First, itwould be devoting maximal energy to producingthe proteins programmed into the cell. Second,because every gene is essential, a minimalcell would likely exhibit relatively few cellular(70) mutations. Also, because it is a simple system, itwould be relatively straightforward to engineer.Our synthetic cell work has been metwith some worries about the potential and thesafety of this level of genetic manipulation. We(75) have been addressing the ethical and societalimplications of synthetic life since we firstproposed the creation of a minimal cell in 1999.For example, our synthetic bacterial cells aredesigned so they cannot live outside of the lab(80) or other production environments. They aredependent on certain specific nutrientswithout which they cannot survive.The possibilities of our technology areboundless. This cell engineering will be(85) essential for creating low-cost, environmentallysustainable industrial chemicals, medicines,biofuels, and crops. Weve already used ourtechnologies to stockpile an H7N9 vaccinein response to the 2013 influenza outbreak in(90) China. Other applications include cars runningon biofuel from engineered microbes, plasticsmade from biodegradable polymers, customizedpharmaceuticals “printed” at a patients bedside.These are just a few plausible benefits that could(95) soon emerge from our effort to understand life bycreating it.Q.The passage mentions all of the following as potential applications of synthetic cells EXCEPTa)tissue for artificial organs.b)inexpensive pharmaceuticals.c)sustainable energy sources.d)environmentally friendly plastics.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice SAT tests.
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