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Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.
We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.
If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.
We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.
The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota 'holobiont'. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.
A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.
Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.
Q. Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?
  • a)
    Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional states
  • b)
    Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain development
  • c)
    Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous system
  • d)
    Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; Symbiosis
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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Verified Answer
Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given q...
The main idea of the text is that consciousness emerges from the symbiotic relation between the mind and the gut microbes. So, option 4 is correct.
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Most Upvoted Answer
Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given q...
Overview of the Passage
The passage discusses the intricate relationship between humans and the symbiotic microorganisms residing within them, emphasizing their role in consciousness and physiological functions.

Key Themes
- **Microorganisms**: Central to the passage, they play a vital role in our health and consciousness. The symbiotic microbes support various bodily functions, especially in the gut.
- **Consciousness**: The passage focuses on phenomenal consciousness, highlighting the impact of gut microbiota on brain development and emotional states.
- **Gut Microbes**: These microorganisms are specifically relevant to the gut-brain connection. Their influence extends to brain structures and functions, affecting emotional and cognitive processes.
- **Symbiosis**: The relationship between humans and microorganisms is characterized as symbiotic, where both entities benefit and contribute to overall health and adaptation.

Why Option D is Correct
- **Consciousness**: This is a primary focus, as the passage suggests a connection between gut microbiota and conscious experience.
- **Brain**: The passage discusses the brain's development and its relationship with gut microbes, indicating the importance of this organ in the context of consciousness.
- **Gut Microbes**: The specific mention of gut microbiota underscores their crucial role in physiological and psychological processes.
- **Symbiosis**: This term encapsulates the relationship between humans and their microbiota, which is critical for understanding the holobiont concept presented in the passage.

Conclusion
Thus, option D encapsulates the essential elements discussed in the passage, making it the best choice for keywords that reflect the core themes of microorganisms, consciousness, gut health, and symbiotic relationships.
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Community Answer
Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given q...
Whick of the following is most similar to the host-microbiota relation observed in cows?
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You cannot be surprised that under the conditions of continued disappearance of functions, the unfortunate student asks: "What becomes of the mind itself? If you suppress all the functions, what is left?" In the Indian way of teaching, when you come to a difficulty, someone jumps up and asks a question. And in the commentaries, the question which raises the difficulty is always put. The answer of Patanjali is: "Then the spectator remains in his own form." Theosophy answers: "The Monad remains." It is the end of the human pilgrimage. That is the highest point to which humanity mayclimb: to suppress all the reflections in the fivefold universe through which the Monad has manifested his powers, and then for the Monad to realize himself, enriched by the experiences through which his manifested aspects have passed. But to the Samkhyan the difficulty is very great, for when he has only his spectator left, when spectacle ceases, the spectator himself almost vanishes. His only function was to look on at the play of mind. When the play of mind is gone, what is left? He can no longer be a spectator, since there is nothing to see. The only answer is: "He remains in his own form." He is now out of manifestation, the duality is transcended, and so the Spirit sinks back into latency, no longer capable of manifestation. There you come to a very serious difference with the Theosophical view of the universe, for according to that view of the universe, when all these functions have been suppressed, then the Monad is ruler over matter and is prepared for a new cycle of activity, no longer slave but master.All analogy shows us that as the Self withdraws from sheath after sheath, he does not lose but gains in Self- realization. Self- realization becomes more and more vivid with each successive withdrawal; so that as the Self puts aside one veil of matter after another, recognises in regular succession that each body in turn is not himself, by that process of withdrawal his sense of Self-reality becomes keener, not less keen. It is important to remember that, because often Western readers, dealing with Eastern ideas, in consequence of misunderstanding the meaning of the state of liberation, or the condition of Nirvana, identify it with nothingness or unconsciousness—an entirely mistaken idea which is apt to colour the whole of their thought when dealing with Yogic processes. Imagine the condition of a man who identifies himself completely with the body, so that he cannot, even in thought, separate himself from it—the state of the early undeveloped man—and compare that with the strength, vigour and lucidity of your own mental consciousness.The consciousness of the early man limited to the physical body, with occasional touches of dream consciousness, is very restricted in its range. He has no idea of the sweep of your consciousness, of your abstract thinking. But is that consciousness of the early man more vivid, or less vivid, than yours? Certainly you will say, it is less vivid. You have largely transcended his powers of consciousness. Your consciousness is astral rather than physical, but has therebyincreased its vividness. As the Self withdraws himself from sheath after sheath, he realizes himself more and more, not less and less; Self-realization becomes more intense, as sheath after sheath is cast aside. The centre grows more powerful as the circumference becomes more permeable, and at last a stage is reached when the centre knows itself at every point of the circumference. When that is accomplished the circumference vanishes, but not so the centre. The centre still remains. Just as you are more vividly conscious than the early man, just as your consciousness is more alive, not less, than that of an undeveloped man, so it is as we climb up the stairway of life and cast away garment after garment. We become more conscious of existence, more conscious of knowledge, more conscious of Self-determined power. The faculties of the Self shine out more strongly, as veil after veil falls away. By analogy, then, when we touch the Monad, our consciousness should be mightier, more vivid, and more perfect. As you learn to truly live, your powers and feelings grow in strength.And remember that all control is exercised over sheaths, over portions of the Not-Self. You do not control your Self; that is a misconception; you control your Not-Self. The Self is never controlled; He is the Inner Ruler Immortal. He is the controller, not the controlled. As sheath after sheath becomes subject to your Self, and body after body becomes the tool of your Self, then shall you realize the truth of the saying of the Upanishad, that you are the Self, the Inner Ruler, the immortal.Q. With reference to the passage, the ‘Monad’ can best be described by which of the following?

You cannot be surprised that under the conditions of continued disappearance of functions, the unfortunate student asks: "What becomes of the mind itself? If you suppress all the functions, what is left?" In the Indian way of teaching, when you come to a difficulty, someone jumps up and asks a question. And in the commentaries, the question which raises the difficulty is always put. The answer of Patanjali is: "Then the spectator remains in his own form." Theosophy answers: "The Monad remains." It is the end of the human pilgrimage. That is the highest point to which humanity mayclimb: to suppress all the reflections in the fivefold universe through which the Monad has manifested his powers, and then for the Monad to realize himself, enriched by the experiences through which his manifested aspects have passed. But to the Samkhyan the difficulty is very great, for when he has only his spectator left, when spectacle ceases, the spectator himself almost vanishes. His only function was to look on at the play of mind. When the play of mind is gone, what is left? He can no longer be a spectator, since there is nothing to see. The only answer is: "He remains in his own form." He is now out of manifestation, the duality is transcended, and so the Spirit sinks back into latency, no longer capable of manifestation. There you come to a very serious difference with the Theosophical view of the universe, for according to that view of the universe, when all these functions have been suppressed, then the Monad is ruler over matter and is prepared for a new cycle of activity, no longer slave but master.All analogy shows us that as the Self withdraws from sheath after sheath, he does not lose but gains in Self- realization. Self- realization becomes more and more vivid with each successive withdrawal; so that as the Self puts aside one veil of matter after another, recognises in regular succession that each body in turn is not himself, by that process of withdrawal his sense of Self-reality becomes keener, not less keen. It is important to remember that, because often Western readers, dealing with Eastern ideas, in consequence of misunderstanding the meaning of the state of liberation, or the condition of Nirvana, identify it with nothingness or unconsciousness—an entirely mistaken idea which is apt to colour the whole of their thought when dealing with Yogic processes. Imagine the condition of a man who identifies himself completely with the body, so that he cannot, even in thought, separate himself from it—the state of the early undeveloped man—and compare that with the strength, vigour and lucidity of your own mental consciousness.The consciousness of the early man limited to the physical body, with occasional touches of dream consciousness, is very restricted in its range. He has no idea of the sweep of your consciousness, of your abstract thinking. But is that consciousness of the early man more vivid, or less vivid, than yours? Certainly you will say, it is less vivid. You have largely transcended his powers of consciousness. Your consciousness is astral rather than physical, but has therebyincreased its vividness. As the Self withdraws himself from sheath after sheath, he realizes himself more and more, not less and less; Self-realization becomes more intense, as sheath after sheath is cast aside. The centre grows more powerful as the circumference becomes more permeable, and at last a stage is reached when the centre knows itself at every point of the circumference. When that is accomplished the circumference vanishes, but not so the centre. The centre still remains. Just as you are more vividly conscious than the early man, just as your consciousness is more alive, not less, than that of an undeveloped man, so it is as we climb up the stairway of life and cast away garment after garment. We become more conscious of existence, more conscious of knowledge, more conscious of Self-determined power. The faculties of the Self shine out more strongly, as veil after veil falls away. By analogy, then, when we touch the Monad, our consciousness should be mightier, more vivid, and more perfect. As you learn to truly live, your powers and feelings grow in strength.And remember that all control is exercised over sheaths, over portions of the Not-Self. You do not control your Self; that is a misconception; you control your Not-Self. The Self is never controlled; He is the Inner Ruler Immortal. He is the controller, not the controlled. As sheath after sheath becomes subject to your Self, and body after body becomes the tool of your Self, then shall you realize the truth of the saying of the Upanishad, that you are the Self, the Inner Ruler, the immortal.Q. Which of the following is incorrect in the context of the passage?

You cannot be surprised that under the conditions of continued disappearance of functions, the unfortunate student asks: "What becomes of the mind itself? If you suppress all the functions, what is left?" In the Indian way of teaching, when you come to a difficulty, someone jumps up and asks a question. And in the commentaries, the question which raises the difficulty is always put. The answer of Patanjali is: "Then the spectator remains in his own form."Theosophy answers: "The Monad remains." It is the end of the human pilgrimage. That is the highest point to which humanity may climb: to suppress all the reflections in the fivefold universe through which the Monad has manifested his powers, and then for the Monad to realize himself, enriched by the experiences through which his manifested aspects have passed. But to the Samkhyan the difficulty is very great, for when he has only his spectator left, when spectacle ceases, the spectator himself almost vanishes. His only function was to look on at the play of mind. When the play of mind is gone, what is left? He can no longer be a spectator, since there is nothing to see. The only answer is: "He remains in his own form." He is now out of manifestation, the duality is transcended, and so the Spirit sinks back into latency, no longer capable of manifestation. There you come to a very serious difference with the Theosophical view of the universe, for according to that view of the universe, when all these functions have been suppressed, then the Monad is ruler over matter and is prepared for a new cycle of activity, no longer slave but master.All analogy shows us that as the Self withdraws from sheath after sheath, he does not lose but gains in Self- realization. Self- realization becomes more and more vivid with each successive withdrawal; so that as the Self puts aside one veil of matter after another, recognises in regular succession that each body in turn is not himself, by that process of withdrawal his sense of Self-reality becomes keener, not less keen. It is important to remember that, because often Western readers, dealing with Eastern ideas, in consequence of misunderstanding the meaning of the state of liberation, or the condition of Nirvana, identify it with nothingness or unconsciousness—an entirely mistaken idea which is apt to colour the whole of their thought when dealing with Yogic processes. Imagine the condition of a man who identifies himself completely with the body, so that he cannot, even in thought, separate himself from it—the state of the early undeveloped man—and compare that with the strength, vigour and lucidity of your own mental consciousness.The consciousness of the early man limited to the physical body, with occasional touches of dream consciousness, is very restricted in its range. He has no idea of the sweep of your consciousness, of your abstract thinking. But is that consciousness of the early man more vivid, or less vivid, than yours? Certainly you will say, it is less vivid. You have largely transcended his powers of consciousness. Your consciousness is astral rather than physical, but has thereby increased its vividness. As the Self withdraws himself from sheath after sheath, he realizes himself more and more, not less and less; Self-realization becomes more intense, as sheath after sheath is cast aside. The centre grows more powerful as the circumference becomes more permeable, and at last a stage is reached when the centre knows itself at every point of the circumference. When that is accomplished the circumference vanishes, but not so the centre. The centre still remains. Just as you are more vividly conscious than the early man, just as your consciousness is more alive, not less, than that of an undeveloped man, so it is as we climb up the stairway of life and cast away garment after garment. We become more conscious of existence, more conscious of knowledge, more conscious of Self-determined power. The faculties of the Self shine out more strongly, as veil after veil falls away. By analogy, then, when we touch the Monad, our consciousness should be mightier, more vivid, and more perfect. As you learn to truly live, your powers and feelings grow in strength.And remember that all control is exercised over sheaths, over portions of the Not-Self. You do not control your Self; that is a misconception; you control your Not-Self. The Self is never controlled; He is the Inner Ruler Immortal. He is the controller, not the controlled. As sheath after sheath becomes subject to your Self, and body after body becomes the tool of yourSelf, then shall you realize the truth of the saying of the Upanishad, that you are the Self, the Inner Ruler, the immortal.With reference to the passage, the ‘Monad’ can best be described by which of the following?

You cannot be surprised that under the conditions of continued disappearance of functions, the unfortunate student asks: "What becomes of the mind itself? If you suppress all the functions, what is left?" In the Indian way of teaching, when you come to a difficulty, someone jumps up and asks a question. And in the commentaries, the question which raises the difficulty is always put. The answer of Patanjali is: "Then the spectator remains in his own form."Theosophy answers: "The Monad remains." It is the end of the human pilgrimage. That is the highest point to which humanity may climb: to suppress all the reflections in the fivefold universe through which the Monad has manifested his powers, and then for the Monad to realize himself, enriched by the experiences through which his manifested aspects have passed. But to the Samkhyan the difficulty is very great, for when he has only his spectator left, when spectacle ceases, the spectator himself almost vanishes. His only function was to look on at the play of mind. When the play of mind is gone, what is left? He can no longer be a spectator, since there is nothing to see. The only answer is: "He remains in his own form." He is now out of manifestation, the duality is transcended, and so the Spirit sinks back into latency, no longer capable of manifestation. There you come to a very serious difference with the Theosophical view of the universe, for according to that view of the universe, when all these functions have been suppressed, then the Monad is ruler over matter and is prepared for a new cycle of activity, no longer slave but master.All analogy shows us that as the Self withdraws from sheath after sheath, he does not lose but gains in Self- realization. Self- realization becomes more and more vivid with each successive withdrawal; so that as the Self puts aside one veil of matter after another, recognises in regular succession that each body in turn is not himself, by that process of withdrawal his sense of Self-reality becomes keener, not less keen. It is important to remember that, because often Western readers, dealing with Eastern ideas, in consequence of misunderstanding the meaning of the state of liberation, or the condition of Nirvana, identify it with nothingness or unconsciousness—an entirely mistaken idea which is apt to colour the whole of their thought when dealing with Yogic processes. Imagine the condition of a man who identifies himself completely with the body, so that he cannot, even in thought, separate himself from it—the state of the early undeveloped man—and compare that with the strength, vigour and lucidity of your own mental consciousness.The consciousness of the early man limited to the physical body, with occasional touches of dream consciousness, is very restricted in its range. He has no idea of the sweep of your consciousness, of your abstract thinking. But is that consciousness of the early man more vivid, or less vivid, than yours? Certainly you will say, it is less vivid. You have largely transcended his powers of consciousness. Your consciousness is astral rather than physical, but has thereby increased its vividness. As the Self withdraws himself from sheath after sheath, he realizes himself more and more, not less and less; Self-realization becomes more intense, as sheath after sheath is cast aside. The centre grows more powerful as the circumference becomes more permeable, and at last a stage is reached when the centre knows itself at every point of the circumference. When that is accomplished the circumference vanishes, but not so the centre. The centre still remains. Just as you are more vividly conscious than the early man, just as your consciousness is more alive, not less, than that of an undeveloped man, so it is as we climb up the stairway of life and cast away garment after garment. We become more conscious of existence, more conscious of knowledge, more conscious of Self-determined power. The faculties of the Self shine out more strongly, as veil after veil falls away. By analogy, then, when we touch the Monad, our consciousness should be mightier, more vivid, and more perfect. As you learn to truly live, your powers and feelings grow in strength.And remember that all control is exercised over sheaths, over portions of the Not-Self. You do not control your Self; that is a misconception; you control your Not-Self. The Self is never controlled; He is the Inner Ruler Immortal. He is the controller, not the controlled. As sheath after sheath becomes subject to your Self, and body after body becomes the tool of yourSelf, then shall you realize the truth of the saying of the Upanishad, that you are the Self, the Inner Ruler, the immortal.Which of the following is incorrect in the context of the passage?

Group QuestionThe passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.You cannot be surprised that under the conditions of continued disappearance of functions, the unfortunate student asks: "What becomes of the mind itself? If you suppress all the functions, what is left?" In the Indian way of teaching, when you come to a difficulty, someone jumps up and asks a question. And in the commentaries, the question which raises the difficulty is always put. The answer of Patanjali is: "Then the spectator remains in his own form." Theosophy answers: "The Monad remains." It is the end of the human pilgrimage. That is the highest point to which humanity mayclimb: to suppress all the reflections in the fivefold universe through which the Monad has manifested his powers, and then for the Monad to realize himself, enriched by the experiences through which his manifested aspects have passed. But to the Samkhyan the difficulty is very great, for when he has only his spectator left, when spectacle ceases, the spectator himself almost vanishes. His only function was to look on at the play of mind. When the play of mind is gone, what is left? He can no longer be a spectator, since there is nothing to see. The only answer is: "He remains in his own form." He is now out of manifestation, the duality is transcended, and so the Spirit sinks back into latency, no longer capable of manifestation. There you come to a very serious difference with the Theosophical view of the universe, for according to that view of the universe, when all these functions have been suppressed, then the Monad is ruler over matter and is prepared for a new cycle of activity, no longer slave but master.All analogy shows us that as the Self withdraws from sheath after sheath, he does not lose but gains in Self- realization. Self- realization becomes more and more vivid with each successive withdrawal; so that as the Self puts aside one veil of matter after another, recognises in regular succession that each body in turn is not himself, by that process of withdrawal his sense of Self-reality becomes keener, not less keen. It is important to remember that, because often Western readers, dealing with Eastern ideas, in consequence of misunderstanding the meaning of the state of liberation, or the condition of Nirvana, identify it with nothingness or unconsciousness—an entirely mistaken idea which is apt to colour the whole of their thought when dealing with Yogic processes. Imagine the condition of a man who identifies himself completely with the body, so that he cannot, even in thought, separate himself from it—the state of the early undeveloped man—and compare that with the strength, vigour and lucidity of your own mental consciousness.The consciousness of the early man limited to the physical body, with occasional touches of dream consciousness, is very restricted in its range. He has no idea of the sweep of your consciousness, of your abstract thinking. But is that consciousness of the early man more vivid, or less vivid, than yours? Certainly you will say, it is less vivid. You have largely transcended his powers of consciousness. Your consciousness is astral rather than physical, but has therebyincreased its vividness. As the Self withdraws himself from sheath after sheath, he realizes himself more and more, not less and less; Self-realization becomes more intense, as sheath after sheath is cast aside. The centre grows more powerful as the circumference becomes more permeable, and at last a stage is reached when the centre knows itself at every point of the circumference. When that is accomplished the circumference vanishes, but not so the centre. The centre still remains. Just as you are more vividly conscious than the early man, just as your consciousness is more alive, not less, than that of an undeveloped man, so it is as we climb up the stairway of life and cast away garment after garment. We become more conscious of existence, more conscious of knowledge, more conscious of Self-determined power. The faculties of the Self shine out more strongly, as veil after veil falls away. By analogy, then, when we touch the Monad, our consciousness should be mightier, more vivid, and more perfect. As you learn to truly live, your powers and feelings grow in strength.And remember that all control is exercised over sheaths, over portions of the Not-Self. You do not control your Self; that is a misconception; you control your Not-Self. The Self is never controlled; He is the Inner Ruler Immortal. He is the controller, not the controlled. As sheath after sheath becomes subject to your Self, and body after body becomes the tool of your Self, then shall you realize the truth of the saying of the Upanishad, that you are the Self, the Inner Ruler, the immortal.Q. Which of the statements below best describes the Theosophical view of the universe?

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Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Question Description
Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? for CAT 2025 is part of CAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the CAT exam syllabus. Information about Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for CAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?.
Solutions for Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for CAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for CAT Exam by signing up for free.
Here you can find the meaning of Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Directions:Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question.We are never alone. And by this statement, I do not intend to argue for existence of some supernatural entities. We are never alone because we all share our bodies with trillions of symbiotic microorganisms that perform various physiological functions crucial for our health. In fact, they may be responsible for even more than that. The symbiotic microbiota is an important part of the complex system constituting our consciousness. By consciousness, I mean the type called phenomenal consciousness which stands for the subjective experience of what is it like to be someone.If we look at the contemporary literature on consciousness, we can see that the current trend in philosophy of mind is to focus on the role of the brain. This seems quite reasonable since for so long we thought that it is just the brain that creates our mind. However, new biological discoveries in the last decade suggest that we were wrong and there are also other actors at play with a causal impact on our mental states.We must also reject the already outdated idea that we as biological entities are unitary individuals. What constitutes us as biological organisms is actually not just our body mass in the sense of organs, muscles, bones, etc., but also the microorganisms living in symbiosis with our bodies. However, to prove that two entities living together are a biological individual, one needs to prove that there is a shared functionality. Inferring that two entities are a unique individual from the fact that they share the same physical boundaries is insufficient.The symbiotic bacteria are responsible for various physiological processes in our bodies. Scientists call the biological entity referring to the host and its microbiota holobiont. The holobiont concept of an individual applies to the vast majority of organisms on Earth. The typical example of symbiosis is the digestive process of cow. Cows are not capable of digesting grass themselves; it is the bacteria living in their stomachs doing the job. Furthermore, because of much shorter generation times of bacteria, the symbiotic microbiota can reflect changes in the environment faster and thus provide time for the host genome to evolve. Consequently, this gives the holobiont better chances to adapt to environmental changes and hence survive.A vast majority of the symbiotic bacteria dwells in our gut. Recent research shows how important these microorganisms are for various processes we used to associate only with the central nervous system, namely with the brain. The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain begins as early as during the development of the brain itself. The microbiota is necessary for effective myelination of prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain dealing with emotions. Moreover, the bacteria seem to influence the progress of our motor control. On the other hand, brains of animals raised in sterile environments lack this structural integrity.Microorganisms also influence the amygdala, affecting the stress response. This indicates that the influence of bacteria may spill over into every aspect of what it means to be a conscious, living organism. However, the communication is bidirectional, so our emotional states have at the same time an impact on the microbiome structure.Q.Which of the following sets of words/phrases best serves as keywords to the passage?a)Microorganisms; Symbiosis; Genetic evolution; Emotional statesb)Microbiota; Consciousness; Holobiont; Brain developmentc)Philosophy; Holobiont; Bacteria; Nervous systemd)Consciousness; Brain; Gut microbes; SymbiosisCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice CAT tests.
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