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ACT Exam  >  ACT Questions  >  Lewis concept does explain the behaviour of _... Start Learning for Free
Lewis concept does explain the behaviour of __________
  • a)
    bases
  • b)
    salts
  • c)
    protonic acids
  • d)
    amphoteric substances
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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Verified Answer
Lewis concept does explain the behaviour of __________a)basesb)saltsc)...
The major limitations of the Lewis concept is that it does not explain the behaviour of protonic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid. It also does not predict the magnitude of the relative strength of acids and bases.
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Lewis concept does explain the behaviour of __________a)basesb)saltsc)...
The Lewis concept of acids and bases, proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923, provides a broader understanding of acid-base behavior beyond the traditional Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories. According to the Lewis concept, an acid is defined as a substance that can accept a pair of electrons, while a base is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons. This concept helps explain the behavior of protonic acids, which are substances that can donate a proton (H+) in a chemical reaction.

Explanation:
- The Lewis concept of acids and bases is a more inclusive theory that goes beyond the limitations of the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories. It focuses on the electron-pair transfer in chemical reactions.
- According to the Lewis concept, an acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond. This means that acids are electron pair acceptors.
- On the other hand, a base is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond. Bases are electron pair donors.
- Protonic acids are substances that can donate a proton (H+) in a chemical reaction. In the Lewis concept, this behavior can be explained by the fact that the proton can accept a pair of electrons from a base, forming a coordinate covalent bond.
- When a protonic acid donates a proton, it becomes a conjugate base, which is the species that remains after the acid has donated a proton.
- In the Lewis concept, amphoteric substances are substances that can act as both acids and bases, as they can both accept and donate a pair of electrons. This behavior is explained by their ability to form coordinate covalent bonds with other substances.
- Lewis acids and bases can also form complexes with each other, where the Lewis acid accepts a pair of electrons from the Lewis base, forming a coordinate covalent bond.
- Salt is not specifically explained by the Lewis concept of acids and bases, as it refers to the product of a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base, according to the Arrhenius or Brønsted-Lowry theories.

In summary, the Lewis concept of acids and bases provides a more comprehensive explanation of acid-base behavior, including the behavior of protonic acids and amphoteric substances. It focuses on the transfer of electron pairs in chemical reactions, allowing for a broader understanding of acid-base interactions.
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Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: A Short History of HomeopathyHomeopathy is a system for treating physical dis-ease and other ailments using the theory of treating“like with like.” In practice, homeopathic medicineseeks substances that mimic an ailment’s symptoms;(5) this sameness is considered “likeness.” The substanceis then diluted to infinitesimal amounts and admin-istered to the patient in order to cure the problem.Homeopathic treatment is currently in use for every-thing from cancer to colds and flu, though many(10) scientists remain heavily skeptical about its efficacy.Homeopathy was developed in the late 18thcentury by the German medical doctor SamuelHahnemann. Despite being a physician himself,Hahnemann was deeply skeptical of the medical prac-(15) tices of his time. In general, 18th century medicinewas founded on the theory of the four temperaments,or “humors”: Choleric, Melancholic, Sanguine, andPhlegmatic. These temperaments were based on thevarious possible combinations of hot and cold and wet(20) and dry. A choleric, or angry, disposition meant thata person had a constitution that was essentially hotand dry. Phlegmatic, or unemotional, persons werethought to be cold and wet. Melancholy was caused byan excess of cold and dry, whereas Sanguine, or(25) passionate, persons were hot and wet.Humors theory was first developed by theGreek physician Hippocrates, the founder of westernmedicine, and later expanded upon by Galen. When aperson became ill, doctors believed it was because one(30) or more of the humors had come out of balance. Someof the best treatments were thought to be bloodlettingand purgation —the assumption being that these treat-ments would effectively drain off the excess humors.Other popular treatments included blistering plasters(35) and emetics. Often the treatment proved worse thanthe disease. Many patients died from excessive blood-loss or were poisoned by unregulated medications. Inthis environment, Hahnemann’s skepticism was wellwarranted.(40) Hahnemann first stumbled upon his theory whenhe was investigating a common treatment for malaria,cinchona bark. Modern scientists now know thatcinchona bark contains quinine—a substance still usedto treat malaria—but at the time, no one knew why(45) the bark was effective. Hahnemann chose to imple-ment the concept of treating “like with like” by testingan undiluted dose of the bark on himself. Finding thathe had symptoms similar to those of malaria sufferers,Hahnemann concluded that effective drugs must pro-(50) duce symptoms in healthy people that are similar tothose produced by the diseases that the drugs wouldbe expected to treat. Hahnemann further hypothesizedthat, while undiluted substances would only worsensymptoms in the sick, heavily diluted substances could(55) be effective for a cure. The doctor and his colleaguesthen proceeded to test a variety of substances to seewhat symptoms they induced, in the hopes of find-ing cures for diseases with similar symptoms. Perhapsnot surprisingly, Hahnemann’s new field of homeopa-(60) thy (i.e. “similar suffering”) was met with considerableresistance from doctors comfortable with their usualpractices.In fact, Hahnemann’s methodology for scien-tifically testing potential treatments was remarkably(65) modern. Nevertheless, his conclusions remain extraor-dinarily controversial. One of the main points ofcontention involves the standard homeopathic prac-tice of heavy dilution to create the appropriate doseof a substance. Dilution of homeopathic substances(70) happens in stages. Hahnemann had hypothesized thatshaking the solution after each dilution would imprintthe molecular “memory” of the original substance intothe solution, which would allow the diluted dose to beeffective without the possibility of overdose or adverse(75) side effects.Modern scientists have been unable to find anyevidence to support the theory of molecular memory. Infact, the idea that diluting a substance makes it strongerruns against the principles of chemistry and physics.(80) Moreover, scientists point to a lack of standardizedclinical data on homeopathic treatment. Clinical studiesthat do show effectiveness indicate that homeopathiccure rates are generally equal to those of placebos.Today, many conventional medical practitioners(85) generally disregard homeopathy. Homeopathic prac-titioners are frequently termed quacks by conven-tional scientists. Nevertheless, homeopathy remainsextremely popular both in the United States and abroad.In European countries such as France and England,(90) conventional doctors frequently prescribe homeopathictreatments for common illnesses such as colds and flu.Pharmacists who are trained to answer questions aboutthe homeopathic treatments’ use and desired effectsthen fill the prescriptions.Q.According to the fifth paragraph (lines 63–75), Hahnemann hypothesized that heavily diluted substances remained effective because

Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: A Short History of HomeopathyHomeopathy is a system for treating physical dis-ease and other ailments using the theory of treating“like with like.” In practice, homeopathic medicineseeks substances that mimic an ailment’s symptoms;(5) this sameness is considered “likeness.” The substanceis then diluted to infinitesimal amounts and admin-istered to the patient in order to cure the problem.Homeopathic treatment is currently in use for every-thing from cancer to colds and flu, though many(10) scientists remain heavily skeptical about its efficacy.Homeopathy was developed in the late 18thcentury by the German medical doctor SamuelHahnemann. Despite being a physician himself,Hahnemann was deeply skeptical of the medical prac-(15) tices of his time. In general, 18th century medicinewas founded on the theory of the four temperaments,or “humors”: Choleric, Melancholic, Sanguine, andPhlegmatic. These temperaments were based on thevarious possible combinations of hot and cold and wet(20) and dry. A choleric, or angry, disposition meant thata person had a constitution that was essentially hotand dry. Phlegmatic, or unemotional, persons werethought to be cold and wet. Melancholy was caused byan excess of cold and dry, whereas Sanguine, or(25) passionate, persons were hot and wet.Humors theory was first developed by theGreek physician Hippocrates, the founder of westernmedicine, and later expanded upon by Galen. When aperson became ill, doctors believed it was because one(30) or more of the humors had come out of balance. Someof the best treatments were thought to be bloodlettingand purgation —the assumption being that these treat-ments would effectively drain off the excess humors.Other popular treatments included blistering plasters(35) and emetics. Often the treatment proved worse thanthe disease. Many patients died from excessive blood-loss or were poisoned by unregulated medications. Inthis environment, Hahnemann’s skepticism was wellwarranted.(40) Hahnemann first stumbled upon his theory whenhe was investigating a common treatment for malaria,cinchona bark. Modern scientists now know thatcinchona bark contains quinine—a substance still usedto treat malaria—but at the time, no one knew why(45) the bark was effective. Hahnemann chose to imple-ment the concept of treating “like with like” by testingan undiluted dose of the bark on himself. Finding thathe had symptoms similar to those of malaria sufferers,Hahnemann concluded that effective drugs must pro-(50) duce symptoms in healthy people that are similar tothose produced by the diseases that the drugs wouldbe expected to treat. Hahnemann further hypothesizedthat, while undiluted substances would only worsensymptoms in the sick, heavily diluted substances could(55) be effective for a cure. The doctor and his colleaguesthen proceeded to test a variety of substances to seewhat symptoms they induced, in the hopes of find-ing cures for diseases with similar symptoms. Perhapsnot surprisingly, Hahnemann’s new field of homeopa-(60) thy (i.e. “similar suffering”) was met with considerableresistance from doctors comfortable with their usualpractices.In fact, Hahnemann’s methodology for scien-tifically testing potential treatments was remarkably(65) modern. Nevertheless, his conclusions remain extraor-dinarily controversial. One of the main points ofcontention involves the standard homeopathic prac-tice of heavy dilution to create the appropriate doseof a substance. Dilution of homeopathic substances(70) happens in stages. Hahnemann had hypothesized thatshaking the solution after each dilution would imprintthe molecular “memory” of the original substance intothe solution, which would allow the diluted dose to beeffective without the possibility of overdose or adverse(75) side effects.Modern scientists have been unable to find anyevidence to support the theory of molecular memory. Infact, the idea that diluting a substance makes it strongerruns against the principles of chemistry and physics.(80) Moreover, scientists point to a lack of standardizedclinical data on homeopathic treatment. Clinical studiesthat do show effectiveness indicate that homeopathiccure rates are generally equal to those of placebos.Today, many conventional medical practitioners(85) generally disregard homeopathy. Homeopathic prac-titioners are frequently termed quacks by conven-tional scientists. Nevertheless, homeopathy remainsextremely popular both in the United States and abroad.In European countries such as France and England,(90) conventional doctors frequently prescribe homeopathictreatments for common illnesses such as colds and flu.Pharmacists who are trained to answer questions aboutthe homeopathic treatments’ use and desired effectsthen fill the prescriptions.Q.According to the passage, why did Hahnemann use heavily diluted substances to treat patients?

Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: A Short History of HomeopathyHomeopathy is a system for treating physical dis-ease and other ailments using the theory of treating“like with like.” In practice, homeopathic medicineseeks substances that mimic an ailment’s symptoms;(5) this sameness is considered “likeness.” The substanceis then diluted to infinitesimal amounts and admin-istered to the patient in order to cure the problem.Homeopathic treatment is currently in use for every-thing from cancer to colds and flu, though many(10) scientists remain heavily skeptical about its efficacy.Homeopathy was developed in the late 18thcentury by the German medical doctor SamuelHahnemann. Despite being a physician himself,Hahnemann was deeply skeptical of the medical prac-(15) tices of his time. In general, 18th century medicinewas founded on the theory of the four temperaments,or “humors”: Choleric, Melancholic, Sanguine, andPhlegmatic. These temperaments were based on thevarious possible combinations of hot and cold and wet(20) and dry. A choleric, or angry, disposition meant thata person had a constitution that was essentially hotand dry. Phlegmatic, or unemotional, persons werethought to be cold and wet. Melancholy was caused byan excess of cold and dry, whereas Sanguine, or(25) passionate, persons were hot and wet.Humors theory was first developed by theGreek physician Hippocrates, the founder of westernmedicine, and later expanded upon by Galen. When aperson became ill, doctors believed it was because one(30) or more of the humors had come out of balance. Someof the best treatments were thought to be bloodlettingand purgation —the assumption being that these treat-ments would effectively drain off the excess humors.Other popular treatments included blistering plasters(35) and emetics. Often the treatment proved worse thanthe disease. Many patients died from excessive blood-loss or were poisoned by unregulated medications. Inthis environment, Hahnemann’s skepticism was wellwarranted.(40) Hahnemann first stumbled upon his theory whenhe was investigating a common treatment for malaria,cinchona bark. Modern scientists now know thatcinchona bark contains quinine—a substance still usedto treat malaria—but at the time, no one knew why(45) the bark was effective. Hahnemann chose to imple-ment the concept of treating “like with like” by testingan undiluted dose of the bark on himself. Finding thathe had symptoms similar to those of malaria sufferers,Hahnemann concluded that effective drugs must pro-(50) duce symptoms in healthy people that are similar tothose produced by the diseases that the drugs wouldbe expected to treat. Hahnemann further hypothesizedthat, while undiluted substances would only worsensymptoms in the sick, heavily diluted substances could(55) be effective for a cure. The doctor and his colleaguesthen proceeded to test a variety of substances to seewhat symptoms they induced, in the hopes of find-ing cures for diseases with similar symptoms. Perhapsnot surprisingly, Hahnemann’s new field of homeopa-(60) thy (i.e. “similar suffering”) was met with considerableresistance from doctors comfortable with their usualpractices.In fact, Hahnemann’s methodology for scien-tifically testing potential treatments was remarkably(65) modern. Nevertheless, his conclusions remain extraor-dinarily controversial. One of the main points ofcontention involves the standard homeopathic prac-tice of heavy dilution to create the appropriate doseof a substance. Dilution of homeopathic substances(70) happens in stages. Hahnemann had hypothesized thatshaking the solution after each dilution would imprintthe molecular “memory” of the original substance intothe solution, which would allow the diluted dose to beeffective without the possibility of overdose or adverse(75) side effects.Modern scientists have been unable to find anyevidence to support the theory of molecular memory. Infact, the idea that diluting a substance makes it strongerruns against the principles of chemistry and physics.(80) Moreover, scientists point to a lack of standardizedclinical data on homeopathic treatment. Clinical studiesthat do show effectiveness indicate that homeopathiccure rates are generally equal to those of placebos.Today, many conventional medical practitioners(85) generally disregard homeopathy. Homeopathic prac-titioners are frequently termed quacks by conven-tional scientists. Nevertheless, homeopathy remainsextremely popular both in the United States and abroad.In European countries such as France and England,(90) conventional doctors frequently prescribe homeopathictreatments for common illnesses such as colds and flu.Pharmacists who are trained to answer questions aboutthe homeopathic treatments’ use and desired effectsthen fill the prescriptions.Q.According to the passage, one of the reasons modern scientists are unable to find evidence to support homeopathic treatment is because

Directions:Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.PassageNATURAL SCIENCE: A Short History of HomeopathyHomeopathy is a system for treating physical dis-ease and other ailments using the theory of treating“like with like.” In practice, homeopathic medicineseeks substances that mimic an ailment’s symptoms;(5) this sameness is considered “likeness.” The substanceis then diluted to infinitesimal amounts and admin-istered to the patient in order to cure the problem.Homeopathic treatment is currently in use for every-thing from cancer to colds and flu, though many(10) scientists remain heavily skeptical about its efficacy.Homeopathy was developed in the late 18thcentury by the German medical doctor SamuelHahnemann. Despite being a physician himself,Hahnemann was deeply skeptical of the medical prac-(15) tices of his time. In general, 18th century medicinewas founded on the theory of the four temperaments,or “humors”: Choleric, Melancholic, Sanguine, andPhlegmatic. These temperaments were based on thevarious possible combinations of hot and cold and wet(20) and dry. A choleric, or angry, disposition meant thata person had a constitution that was essentially hotand dry. Phlegmatic, or unemotional, persons werethought to be cold and wet. Melancholy was caused byan excess of cold and dry, whereas Sanguine, or(25) passionate, persons were hot and wet.Humors theory was first developed by theGreek physician Hippocrates, the founder of westernmedicine, and later expanded upon by Galen. When aperson became ill, doctors believed it was because one(30) or more of the humors had come out of balance. Someof the best treatments were thought to be bloodlettingand purgation —the assumption being that these treat-ments would effectively drain off the excess humors.Other popular treatments included blistering plasters(35) and emetics. Often the treatment proved worse thanthe disease. Many patients died from excessive blood-loss or were poisoned by unregulated medications. Inthis environment, Hahnemann’s skepticism was wellwarranted.(40) Hahnemann first stumbled upon his theory whenhe was investigating a common treatment for malaria,cinchona bark. Modern scientists now know thatcinchona bark contains quinine—a substance still usedto treat malaria—but at the time, no one knew why(45) the bark was effective. Hahnemann chose to imple-ment the concept of treating “like with like” by testingan undiluted dose of the bark on himself. Finding thathe had symptoms similar to those of malaria sufferers,Hahnemann concluded that effective drugs must pro-(50) duce symptoms in healthy people that are similar tothose produced by the diseases that the drugs wouldbe expected to treat. Hahnemann further hypothesizedthat, while undiluted substances would only worsensymptoms in the sick, heavily diluted substances could(55) be effective for a cure. The doctor and his colleaguesthen proceeded to test a variety of substances to seewhat symptoms they induced, in the hopes of find-ing cures for diseases with similar symptoms. Perhapsnot surprisingly, Hahnemann’s new field of homeopa-(60) thy (i.e. “similar suffering”) was met with considerableresistance from doctors comfortable with their usualpractices.In fact, Hahnemann’s methodology for scien-tifically testing potential treatments was remarkably(65) modern. Nevertheless, his conclusions remain extraor-dinarily controversial. One of the main points ofcontention involves the standard homeopathic prac-tice of heavy dilution to create the appropriate doseof a substance. Dilution of homeopathic substances(70) happens in stages. Hahnemann had hypothesized thatshaking the solution after each dilution would imprintthe molecular “memory” of the original substance intothe solution, which would allow the diluted dose to beeffective without the possibility of overdose or adverse(75) side effects.Modern scientists have been unable to find anyevidence to support the theory of molecular memory. Infact, the idea that diluting a substance makes it strongerruns against the principles of chemistry and physics.(80) Moreover, scientists point to a lack of standardizedclinical data on homeopathic treatment. Clinical studiesthat do show effectiveness indicate that homeopathiccure rates are generally equal to those of placebos.Today, many conventional medical practitioners(85) generally disregard homeopathy. Homeopathic prac-titioners are frequently termed quacks by conven-tional scientists. Nevertheless, homeopathy remainsextremely popular both in the United States and abroad.In European countries such as France and England,(90) conventional doctors frequently prescribe homeopathictreatments for common illnesses such as colds and flu.Pharmacists who are trained to answer questions aboutthe homeopathic treatments’ use and desired effectsthen fill the prescriptions.Q.Hahnemann believed cinchona bark was an effective treatment for malaria because it caused similar symptoms when taken by a healthy person. According to the fourth paragraph, what reason would a modern scientist likely give for using cinchona bark to treat malaria?

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Lewis concept does explain the behaviour of __________a)basesb)saltsc)protonic acidsd)amphoteric substancesCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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Lewis concept does explain the behaviour of __________a)basesb)saltsc)protonic acidsd)amphoteric substancesCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? for ACT 2025 is part of ACT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the ACT exam syllabus. Information about Lewis concept does explain the behaviour of __________a)basesb)saltsc)protonic acidsd)amphoteric substancesCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for ACT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Lewis concept does explain the behaviour of __________a)basesb)saltsc)protonic acidsd)amphoteric substancesCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?.
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