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ACT Exam  >  ACT Questions  >  The degree of dissociation of Ammonium hydrox... Start Learning for Free
The degree of dissociation of Ammonium hydroxide increases in the presence of Ammonium Chloride because of _______.
  • a)
    solubility product
  • b)
    common Ion effect
  • c)
    hydrolysis of the salt
  • d)
    mixed salts
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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Verified Answer
The degree of dissociation of Ammonium hydroxide increases in the pres...
Common Ion effect is defined as the separation of the dissociation of a weak electrolyte by the addition of a strong electrolyte having some common ion. Therefore the degree of dissociation of Ammonium hydroxide decreases in the presence of Ammonium Chloride due to common Ion effect.
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Most Upvoted Answer
The degree of dissociation of Ammonium hydroxide increases in the pres...
Explanation:
The degree of dissociation of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) increases in the presence of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) due to the process of hydrolysis of the salt.

Hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which a compound reacts with water to produce ions. In the case of ammonium chloride, it undergoes hydrolysis in an aqueous solution:

NH4Cl + H2O → NH4OH + HCl

This reaction results in the formation of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Common Ion Effect:
The common ion effect is a phenomenon in which the presence of a common ion reduces the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte. In this case, the common ion is the ammonium ion (NH4+), which is present in both ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride.

When ammonium chloride is dissolved in water, it dissociates into ammonium ions (NH4+) and chloride ions (Cl-). The ammonium ions released from ammonium chloride increase the concentration of ammonium ions in the solution.

Due to the common ion effect, the increased concentration of ammonium ions from the dissociation of ammonium chloride suppresses the dissociation of ammonium hydroxide. The presence of more ammonium ions shifts the equilibrium of the hydrolysis reaction towards the reactant side, reducing the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution. As a result, the degree of dissociation of ammonium hydroxide increases.

Summary:
In summary, the degree of dissociation of ammonium hydroxide increases in the presence of ammonium chloride due to the hydrolysis of ammonium chloride. The common ion effect caused by the presence of ammonium ions from the dissociation of ammonium chloride suppresses the dissociation of ammonium hydroxide and leads to an increase in its degree of dissociation.
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In its refined form, iron is a shiny, silver-gray metal; however, when refined iron is exposed to atmospheric conditions for an extended period of time, its surface becomes flaky, pitted, and red- or orange-colored. This process is known as "rusting," and the new flaky, orange or red substance is called "rust."Below, two scientists discuss how rust forms and the composition of rust.Scientist 1:Both water and oxygen are needed for rust to form. Water is an electrolyte, meaning that it allows ions to move within it. When iron comes into contact with water, some iron naturally dissociates into iron ions (Fe2+) and free electrons. Additionally, when atmospheric oxygen (O2) dissolves in water, some oxygen reacts with water to form hydroxide ions (OH-). Because water allows ions to move freely, iron ions and hydroxide ions combine to form a new compound: iron hydroxide. However, iron hydroxide is not a stable compound. Over time, as water evaporates, it changes into a hydrated form of iron oxide. This is rust.Salts can act as catalysts for rust formation, meaning that they speed up the rate at which rust forms. However, rust can form in pure water, in the absence of added salts.Increasing the ambient temperature increases the rate of rust formation. Additionally, increasing the amount of irons surface area that is exposed to water also increases the rate at which rust forms. However, because a layer of rust is porous to water and oxygen, water and oxygen will continue to cause the interior of a piece of iron to rust even after the irons surface has been rusted.Scientist 2:Attack by acids causes rust to form. In water, acids ionize to create positively-charged hydronium (H+) ions and negatively-charged anions. Hydronium ions are electron-deficient; because of this, they attract electrons from iron. This creates iron ions (Fe2+), which are soluble in water. Once dissolved in water, iron ions react with dissolved atmospheric oxygen (O2) to create iron oxide, or rust.Acids can come from a variety of sources. For example, when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in water, carbonic acid (H2CO3) is created. Carbonic acid is the most common cause of rusting. However, other environmental sources of acids exist. Rainwater is normally slightly acidic because it has come into contact with molecules in the atmosphere, like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These molecules also dissolve in water to form acids. Additionally, iron itself may contain impurities such as phosphorous and sulfur, which react with water to produce acids. Both acidic environments and impurities within iron itself create the conditions under which iron rusts.Rusting can be prevented by painting the surface of iron, thus preventing it from coming into contact with water, oxygen, and acids. Iron can also be protected in a process called "galvanizing," which involves coating iron in a thin layer of zinc. Because zinc is more reactive than iron, it is corroded while the iron is protected.Q. Lye (sodium hydroxid e) is a base that neutralizes acids. Suppose that lye is added to water in which an iron pipe has been immersed. According to Scientist 2, the pipes rate of rusting will most likely __________.

In its refined form, iron is a shiny, silver-gray metal; however, when refined iron is exposed to atmospheric conditions for an extended period of time, its surface becomes flaky, pitted, and red- or orange-colored. This process is known as "rusting," and the new flaky, orange or red substance is called "rust."Below, two scientists discuss how rust forms and the composition of rust.Scientist 1:Both water and oxygen are needed for rust to form. Water is an electrolyte, meaning that it allows ions to move within it. When iron comes into contact with water, some iron naturally dissociates into iron ions (Fe2+) and free electrons. Additionally, when atmospheric oxygen (O2) dissolves in water, some oxygen reacts with water to form hydroxide ions (OH-). Because water allows ions to move freely, iron ions and hydroxide ions combine to form a new compound: iron hydroxide. However, iron hydroxide is not a stable compound. Over time, as water evaporates, it changes into a hydrated form of iron oxide. This is rust.Salts can act as catalysts for rust formation, meaning that they speed up the rate at which rust forms. However, rust can form in pure water, in the absence of added salts.Increasing the ambient temperature increases the rate of rust formation. Additionally, increasing the amount of irons surface area that is exposed to water also increases the rate at which rust forms. However, because a layer of rust is porous to water and oxygen, water and oxygen will continue to cause the interior of a piece of iron to rust even after the irons surface has been rusted.Scientist 2:Attack by acids causes rust to form. In water, acids ionize to create positively-charged hydronium (H+) ions and negatively-charged anions. Hydronium ions are electron-deficient; because of this, they attract electrons from iron. This creates iron ions (Fe2+), which are soluble in water. Once dissolved in water, iron ions react with dissolved atmospheric oxygen (O2) to create iron oxide, or rust.Acids can come from a variety of sources. For example, when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in water, carbonic acid (H2CO3) is created. Carbonic acid is the most common cause of rusting. However, other environmental sources of acids exist. Rainwater is normally slightly acidic because it has come into contact with molecules in the atmosphere, like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These molecules also dissolve in water to form acids. Additionally, iron itself may contain impurities such as phosphorous and sulfur, which react with water to produce acids. Both acidic environments and impurities within iron itself create the conditions under which iron rusts.Rusting can be prevented by painting the surface of iron, thus preventing it from coming into contact with water, oxygen, and acids. Iron can also be protected in a process called "galvanizing," which involves coating iron in a thin layer of zinc. Because zinc is more reactive than iron, it is corroded while the iron is protected.Q. Given that all of the following are true, which of the following, if found, provides the strongest evidence against Scientist 1s hypothesis?

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The degree of dissociation of Ammonium hydroxide increases in the presence of Ammonium Chloride because of _______.a)solubility productb)common Ion effectc)hydrolysis of the saltd)mixed saltsCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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