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The Indian Constitution is regarded as
  • a)
    Federal
  • b)
    Unitary
  • c)
    Parliamentary
  • d)
    Federal in form and unitary in spirit
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Most Upvoted Answer
The Indian Constitution is regarded asa)Federalb)Unitaryc)Parliamentar...
The Indian Constitution is regarded as "Federal in form and unitary in spirit"

The Indian Constitution is a unique blend of federal and unitary features. It establishes a federal system of government with a strong central authority. Here is a detailed explanation:

Federal Features:


  • The Constitution provides for the division of powers between the central government and the state governments.

  • It establishes a dual polity with separate governments at the central and state levels.

  • The central government has exclusive jurisdiction over subjects like defense, foreign affairs, and currency.

  • The state governments have the power to legislate on matters listed in the State List.

  • The Constitution provides for the appointment of a governor in each state who acts as the representative of the President.

  • There is an independent judiciary at both the central and state levels.


Unitary Features:


  • The Constitution vests significant powers with the central government.

  • The central government can legislate on matters that fall under the State List in certain circumstances.

  • In case of a constitutional emergency, the central government can assume control over the administration of a state.

  • The states are not completely independent entities and derive their powers from the central government.

  • The Constitution provides for a unified judiciary with the Supreme Court having the power of judicial review over both central and state laws.


Federal in Form and Unitary in Spirit:

The Indian Constitution is described as "federal in form and unitary in spirit" because:


  • On the surface, the Constitution appears to establish a federal system with a clear division of powers between the central and state governments.

  • However, the central government has been given extensive powers to maintain unity and integrity, especially in times of emergencies.

  • The central government can influence state policies through financial and administrative means.

  • The judiciary has the power to resolve disputes between the central and state governments, ensuring the supremacy of the central government.


Overall, while the Indian Constitution has federal features, its unitary elements give the central government a significant role, making it "federal in form and unitary in spirit".
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