A farman is an official document or decree issued by a ruler or authority, primarily during the medieval period in India and the Middle East. It holds significant importance as it served as a means of communication, governance, and regulation. The word 'farman' is derived from the Persian term 'farmān', meaning 'order' or 'command'. These documents were typically written on parchment or paper and often featured elaborate calligraphy and decorative elements.



1. Authority:
A farman was issued by a ruler or authority figure who held the power to govern. It carried the weight of their command and had legal implications.

2. Purpose:
Farmans were used to communicate various instructions, proclamations, laws, and policies to the subjects of the ruler. They covered a wide range of subjects such as land ownership, taxation, trade regulations, social customs, and military matters.

3. Format:
These documents were typically written in a formal and official tone. They often began with a salutation to the deity or deities revered by the ruler, followed by an introduction and the main content of the farman. The document concluded with the ruler's seal or signature.

4. Language and Calligraphy:
Farmans were usually written in Persian or Arabic, as these languages were commonly used in official correspondence during that time. The calligraphy used in these documents was often highly decorative and artistic, showcasing the skills of skilled artisans.

5. Distribution:
Once a farman was issued, it was distributed among the relevant officials, administrators, and the general public. Copies were made and disseminated to ensure its widespread implementation and understanding.



1. Governance:
Farmans played a crucial role in governing the territories under the ruler's control. They provided a means to enforce laws, regulations, and policies, ensuring order and stability.

2. Legal Basis:
These decrees formed the legal basis for various actions and decisions. They established rights, responsibilities, and obligations for both the rulers and the subjects, helping maintain a structured society.

3. Historical Documentation:
Farmans serve as valuable historical records, providing insights into the political, social, and economic aspects of the time period in which they were issued. They offer researchers and historians a glimpse into the governance systems and practices of the past.

4. Cultural and Artistic Heritage:
The calligraphy and decorative elements found in farmans showcase the artistic skills prevalent during that era. They contribute to the cultural heritage of the region and are treasured for their aesthetic appeal.

In conclusion, a farman is an official document or decree issued by a ruler or authority, serving as a means of communication, governance, and regulation. These documents were written in a formal tone, often featuring elaborate calligraphy and decorative elements. Farmans played a vital role in governing territories, establishing legal frameworks, and documenting historical practices. Their cultural and artistic significance is also noteworthy.