Limitations of Ohm's Law:
1. Temperature:
- Ohm's law assumes that the temperature remains constant while calculating the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. However, in reality, the temperature can affect the resistance of a material, leading to deviations from Ohm's law.
2. Non-Linear Materials:
- Ohm's law is applicable only to linear materials, where the resistance remains constant regardless of the voltage or current. In non-linear materials like diodes and transistors, the relationship between voltage and current is not linear, making Ohm's law inadequate to describe their behavior.
3. Frequency:
- Ohm's law is based on DC circuits and may not accurately predict the behavior of circuits operating at high frequencies. At high frequencies, the capacitance and inductance of the circuit components come into play, leading to impedance rather than resistance, which Ohm's law does not account for.
4. Short-term Transients:
- Ohm's law assumes a steady-state condition and may not be applicable to circuits experiencing short-term transients or sudden changes in voltage or current. In such cases, the behavior of the circuit may deviate from the predictions made by Ohm's law.
5. Complex Circuits:
- Ohm's law simplifies the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance for simple circuits with only resistive components. In complex circuits with capacitors, inductors, and non-linear elements, Ohm's law alone may not be sufficient to analyze the circuit behavior accurately.
In conclusion, while Ohm's law is a fundamental principle in circuit analysis, it has limitations when applied to real-world scenarios involving temperature variations, non-linear materials, high frequencies, short-term transients, and complex circuits. It is essential to consider these limitations and use additional circuit analysis techniques to accurately predict the behavior of circuits in practical applications.