Non Metal Hardness:
The hardest substance known among non-metals is Diamond.
Explanation:
Diamond is a form of carbon and is considered the hardest known naturally occurring substance. Here is a detailed explanation:
Diamond Structure:
- Diamond is made up of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal lattice structure.
- Each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement, creating a strong and rigid network.
Hardness Scale:
- Hardness is measured using the Mohs scale, which ranks minerals based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
- The Mohs scale ranges from 1 to 10, with 10 being the hardest.
- Diamond has a hardness of 10 on the Mohs scale, making it the hardest known substance.
Properties of Diamond:
- Diamond has exceptional hardness due to its strong carbon-carbon bonds.
- It is highly resistant to scratching, making it suitable for industrial applications such as cutting, grinding, and polishing.
- Its hardness also gives diamond its renowned brilliance and ability to refract light.
Comparison to Other Options:
- Graphite: Graphite is a form of carbon as well, but it has a layered structure that makes it relatively soft and slippery. It has a Mohs hardness of around 1-2.
- Phosphorus: Phosphorus is a non-metal, but it is not known for its hardness. It has a Mohs hardness of around 2.5.
- Hydrogen: Hydrogen is a gas and does not possess a definitive hardness value.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Diamond as it is the hardest known substance among non-metals.