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The commonly used glucose biosensor measures the quantity of glucose in the blood to determine the level of:
  • a)
    D-glucose
  • b)
    glucose 
  • c)
    hydrogen peroxide
  • d)
    Reactive oxygen species
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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Verified Answer
The commonly used glucose biosensor measures the quantity of glucose i...
Concept:
  • A biosensor can be defined as a “compact analytical device or unit incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensitive recognition element integrated or associated with a physio-chemical transducer” .
  • There are three main parts of a biosensor:
                    (i) the biological recognition elements that differentiate the target molecules in the presence of various chemicals,  
                    (ii) a transducer that converts the biorecognition event into a measurable signal, and  
                   (iii) a signal processing system that converts the signal into a readable form.
  • The molecular recognition elements include receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, microorganisms and lectins.
​Explanation:
  • Hexokinase, glucose oxidase (GOx), or glucose-1-dehydrogenase (GDH) interactions provide the basis for glucose assays.
  • In many clinical laboratories, the hexokinase assay is the standard technique for spectrophotometric glucose measurements.
  • The two enzyme families, GOx and GDH, are often the foundation of glucose biosensors for SMBG.
  • The redox potentials, cofactors, turnover rates, and glucose selectivity of these enzymes vary.
  • The typical enzyme used in biosensors is GOx, which has a comparatively higher selectivity for glucose.
  • GOx is accessible, affordable, and more resistant to pH, ionic strength, and temperature extremes than many other enzymes, allowing for less strict manufacturing conditions and relatively loose storage standards for use by lay biosensor users.
  • The basic concept of the glucose biosensor is based on the fact that the immobilized GOx catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose by molecular oxygen producing gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
  • In order to work as a catalyst, GOx requires a redox cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
  • FAD works as the initial electron acceptor and is reduced to FADH2.
     
    Glucose + GOx − FAD+ → Glucolactone + GOx − FADH2
    The cofactor is regenerated by reacting with oxygen, leading to the formation of hydrogen peroxides.
     
    GOx − FADH2 + O2 → GOx − FAD + H2 O2
     
  • Hydrogen peroxide is oxidized at a catalytic, classically platinum (Pt) anode.
  • The electrode easily recognizes the number of electron transfers, and this electron flow is proportional to the number of glucose molecules present in blood.
     
    H2O2 → 2H+ + O2 + 2e
 
                      hence the correct answer is option 3
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The commonly used glucose biosensor measures the quantity of glucose i...
Glucose Biosensor: Measuring Glucose Levels
There are different types of glucose biosensors used to measure the quantity of glucose in the blood. The most commonly used biosensors are based on the detection of hydrogen peroxide.

How it works:
- Glucose in the blood is oxidized by the enzyme glucose oxidase.
- This oxidation reaction produces hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.
- The biosensor detects the amount of hydrogen peroxide generated, which is directly proportional to the level of glucose present in the blood.

Significance of measuring hydrogen peroxide:
- Hydrogen peroxide is a key indicator used in glucose biosensors because it is a product of the enzymatic reaction involving glucose.
- By measuring hydrogen peroxide levels, the biosensor can accurately determine the concentration of glucose in the blood.

Benefits of using hydrogen peroxide as the indicator:
- High sensitivity: Hydrogen peroxide is produced in direct proportion to the glucose concentration, allowing for precise measurements.
- Stability: Hydrogen peroxide is a stable compound, which ensures the reliability and longevity of the biosensor.
- Selectivity: The biosensor can distinguish between hydrogen peroxide and other substances present in the blood, ensuring accurate glucose measurements.
In conclusion, the commonly used glucose biosensor measures the quantity of glucose in the blood by detecting hydrogen peroxide, a byproduct of the enzymatic reaction involving glucose. This method offers high sensitivity, stability, and selectivity, making it an effective tool for monitoring blood glucose levels.
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Read the given passage and answer the following questions  - (1) Wildlife conservation plays a vital role in sustaining the health and diversity of our planet's ecosystems. By protecting natural habitats, conservation efforts ensure the survival of many species that are threatened by habitat loss, pollution, or poaching. These measures include establishing protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, where ecosystems can function naturally without human interference.(2) In addition to habitat protection, wildlife conservation involves research and monitoring activities to understand the needs of different species and the threats they face. Through tagging, tracking, and population studies, scientists can gather crucial data that informs conservation strategies and helps mitigate the impacts of climate change and human activity on wildlife populations.(3) Community engagement is another essential aspect of effective wildlife conservation. By involving local communities in conservation efforts, awareness about the importance of biodiversity is increased, and sustainable practices are encouraged. This includes educational programs that teach the value of wildlife and ecosystems, as well as initiatives that promote coexistence between humans and wildlife. Together, these measures contribute not only to the protection of wildlife but also to the well-being of human populations, by maintaining the balance of ecosystems that provide us with essential services such as clean air, fresh water, and pollination of crops.Which of the following is NOT listed as a measure for wildlife conservation?

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The commonly used glucose biosensor measures the quantity of glucose in the blood to determine the level of:a)D-glucoseb)glucosec)hydrogen peroxided)Reactive oxygen speciesCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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