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Conduction of Heat in a Rod
Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred through a material without any movement of the material itself. When a rod is heated at one end, the heat is conducted through the material of the rod to the other end.
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Atomic Vibration
At the heated end of the rod, the atoms vibrate more rapidly due to the increased thermal energy. These vibrating atoms collide with neighboring atoms, transferring some of their energy to them. This process continues along the length of the rod.
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Free Electron Movement
In metals, heat is also conducted through the movement of free electrons. When one end of the rod is heated, the free electrons gain kinetic energy and move rapidly, colliding with other electrons and transferring heat energy.
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Lattice Structure
In non-metallic materials, heat is conducted through the lattice structure. The atoms in the lattice vibrate and transfer energy to neighboring atoms. This vibration is passed along the rod, carrying heat with it.
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Rate of Conduction
The rate of heat conduction in a material depends on its thermal conductivity. Materials with high thermal conductivity conduct heat more efficiently, while materials with low thermal conductivity conduct heat more slowly.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, heat is conducted from the heated end of a rod to another through a combination of atomic vibration, free electron movement, and lattice structure. Understanding the process of conduction is important in various applications, such as designing efficient heating systems and insulating materials.