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What was the primary focus of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) when it was established in 1971?
  • a)
    Development of heavy water production
  • b)
    Research in fusion technology
  • c)
    Development of fast breeder technology
  • d)
    Exploration of atomic minerals
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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What was the primary focus of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Rese...
The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) was set up with a focus on developing fast breeder technology. This includes designing and operating reactors that use mixed fuel, like the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), to produce more fissile material than they consume.
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Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.It is difficult to compare countries because various factors such as size, culture, history, geography, natural endowments, geopolitics and internal polity come into play. There are some goals which can be achieved by smaller countries; [A] but sometimes smaller countries find it difficult to embark upon certain big technological plans even if they have the funds, because the size of the domestic market is too small. If we consider the bigger countries, the closest comparison to India is China, though there are many crucial differences.The Chinese vision is to prepare the country for entry into the ranks of mid-level developed nations by the middle of the twenty-first century. Acceleration of the nation's economic growth and social development by relying on advances in science and technology is pivotal in this.Documents describing the Chinese vision state that science and technology constitute premier productive forces and represent a great revolutionary power that can propel economic and social development. It is interesting to note that the main lessons the Chinese have drawn from their past performance is their failure to promote science and technology as strategic tools for empowerment. They also point to the absence of mechanisms and motivations in their economic activity to promote dependence on science and technology. [B] Similarly, they hold that their scientific and technological efforts were not oriented towards economic growth. As a consequence, they conclude, a large number of scientific and technological achievements were not converted into 'productive forces' as they were too far removed from China's immediate economic and social needs. [C] The Chinese vision is therefore aimed at exploiting state-of-art science and technology to enhance the nation's overall power and strength, to improve the people's living standards, to focus on resolving problems encountered in large-scale industrial and agricultural production aid to effectively control and alleviate pressures brought on by population, resources and the environment. By the year 2000, China had aimed at bringing the main industrial sectors upto the technological levels achieved by the developed countries in the 1970s or '80s, and by 2020 to the level they would have attained by the early twenty-first century. [D] The aim is to bridge the overall gap for the advanced world. There is a special emphasis on research and development of high technologies that would find defence applications. Some of these technologies are critical for the features of key conventional weapons. Some technologies are meant for enhancing future military capabilities. Other efforts are aimed at maintaining the momentum to develop capabilities for cutting–edge defence technologies. They call for unremitting efforts in this regard with the aim of maintaining effective self-defence and nuclear deterrent capabilities and to enable parity in defence science and technology with the advanced world.Why does the author think that science and technology have become even more crucial for China?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.It is difficult to compare countries because various factors such as size, culture, history, geography, natural endowments, geopolitics and internal polity come into play. There are some goals which can be achieved by smaller countries; [A] but sometimes smaller countries find it difficult to embark upon certain big technological plans even if they have the funds, because the size of the domestic market is too small. If we consider the bigger countries, the closest comparison to India is China, though there are many crucial differences.The Chinese vision is to prepare the country for entry into the ranks of mid-level developed nations by the middle of the twenty-first century. Acceleration of the nation's economic growth and social development by relying on advances in science and technology is pivotal in this.Documents describing the Chinese vision state that science and technology constitute premier productive forces and represent a great revolutionary power that can propel economic and social development. It is interesting to note that the main lessons the Chinese have drawn from their past performance is their failure to promote science and technology as strategic tools for empowerment. They also point to the absence of mechanisms and motivations in their economic activity to promote dependence on science and technology. [B] Similarly, they hold that their scientific and technological efforts were not oriented towards economic growth. As a consequence, they conclude, a large number of scientific and technological achievements were not converted into 'productive forces' as they were too far removed from China's immediate economic and social needs. [C] The Chinese vision is therefore aimed at exploiting state-of-art science and technology to enhance the nation's overall power and strength, to improve the people's living standards, to focus on resolving problems encountered in large-scale industrial and agricultural production aid to effectively control and alleviate pressures brought on by population, resources and the environment. By the year 2000, China had aimed at bringing the main industrial sectors upto the technological levels achieved by the developed countries in the 1970s or '80s, and by 2020 to the level they would have attained by the early twenty-first century. [D] The aim is to bridge the overall gap for the advanced world. There is a special emphasis on research and development of high technologies that would find defence applications. Some of these technologies are critical for the features of key conventional weapons. Some technologies are meant for enhancing future military capabilities. Other efforts are aimed at maintaining the momentum to develop capabilities for cutting–edge defence technologies. They call for unremitting efforts in this regard with the aim of maintaining effective self-defence and nuclear deterrent capabilities and to enable parity in defence science and technology with the advanced world.What does China hope to get by spending on research for defence applications?

Directions: The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Read the passage carefully to answer the questions that follow:The internationalisation of business transactions, which forces changes in product lines and process, has enabled a handful of advanced nations to dominate and control technology. This has put developing nations like India at a disadvantage, because it is difficult for a developing nation to shorten product cycles, matching the developed nations. In the near absence of a level-playing field, it is important for India to look for new avenues in technology.The scarcity of capital has led to a weak R&D base, making technological self-sufficiency a distant dream for the country. The gap between what the country spends on R&D and what needs to be spent, to develop optimum technological capability, is wide. The USA spends annually about $150 billion on R&D followed by about $100 billion by Japan. The amount made available in India for S&T efforts is a nominal $1 billion. India's R&D spending is less than one percent of sales against 3 to 4 percent in OECD countries. Besides, nearly 90 percent of patents currently in force in India are meant to protect foreign patent-holders regarding technology innovations.To top it, Indian industry has been reluctant in developing technology-intensive production lines. There has been a general hesitance to either invest in indigenous R&D or go in for technology imports. What is interesting is that despite the technological backwardness, our expenditure on indigenous R&D has exceeded that of technology imports. In fact, royalty payments and technical fees as a percentage of sales- a proxy for technology imports - by large industrial houses is below 0.5 percent compared to R&D to sales ratio of about one percent.Perhaps, the need to resolve the immediate problems of production is better served by local R&D rather than imported technology. The large domestic market and inadequate investable resources is made to justify near autarky in technology acquisition.Of late, Indian industry, spurred by the liberalisation process, is taking a decisive turn to scale the technology barrier. It is, however, feared that the Indian entrepreneurs’ bid to integrate their production pattern with the world system might be met by technological production by western industries.The transnational corporations would ideally prefer the diffusion of technology embodied in exportable products then technology transfer. But, with the development of a strong manufacturing base in India, it is no longer possible for the transnationals to technologically monopolise all the production lines in the manufacturing industry. Hence, the multinationals from the industrial countries have changed their attitude towards sharing their technology with India. There has been discernible shift towards supply of know-how through foreign direct investment and licences in both low and medium R&D intensive areas.Enquiries from recipient firms in India have revealed that foreign firms are amenable to supplying know-how in manufacturing and capital goods industry. In fact, many engineering units have obtained the best possible technology in their area of operation. Similarly, a number of automobiles and chemicals units are reported to have obtained the latest technology, which has enabled them to become market leaders in their fields.Assimilation of technology, supplied by foreign companies to Indian firms, has brought discernible improvements in product quality, besides leading to energy conservation, capacity increase and pollution control. In such cases, the efficacy of technology transfer depends upon the relationship of the buyer with the supplier, which ultimately decides the success of the deal.In order to facilitate technology orientation, the government has taken some initiatives. Nevertheless, the efficient science-industry linkage, considered to be imperative for technology progress, has not yet materialised.Besides, our technology programme has yet to take stock of the present scenario, whereby internationalisation of business transactions has become a new reality. Our policies have failed to counter the threat posed by the globalisation process which, by moving towards the inter-dependence of nations, would result in the dependence of developing countries on the advanced nations.Our policy makers have chosen to ignore the glaring reality that it is the synergy between the industrial, financial and trade policies in identified areas of national priorities which could help work the technology miracle. Though the government encourages foreign investment in hi-tech areas, there has been no attempt to match technology with the scale of production. The country does not even have a credible policy for taking advantage of the advanced foreign sector, whose dominant presence is sought by the policy maker. The result: an increase in foreign investment and technology transfer and a refurbished manufacturing base but such that it would hardly enable us to break away from the dependency syndrome experienced vis-a-vis transnationals. In this connection, it may be noted that Japan carefully screened all technology contracts so that investment took place on favourable terms and placed severe restriction on foreign capital which was perceived to be detrimental to its interests.We have the capability to move from our present position of peripheral dependence to that of a mainstream player. It needs the will to re-orient our technology imperatives, evaluate its applicability and focus on a few strategic areas in which we have dynamic comparative advantage.There is no gainsaying that the ongoing protectionist tendency has compelled India to resort to import substitution in strategic hitech areas. Nevertheless, our endeavour should be to further strengthen our expertise in the traditional sphere of adaptive technology. But it is most important that apart from the above, we should focus on developing our human resources in which we have a potential comparative advantage.A large reservoir of scientific manpower could be effectively utilised to help India make a dent in the technology market where knowledge-intensive industries enjoy a monopoly status. Our human resources can be optimally deployed to make us world leaders in resource-based industries like information technology, computer software, systems engineering, design and biotechnology.A suitable policy framework, which at the outset, would aim at encouraging foreign investment, to develop our resource endowment areas which will utilise our existing talent and strengthen our comparative advantage in the long run, is necessary. India has the capability to penetrate the technology cartel created by multinationals in mainstream developed nations.Q. The quashing of the monopoly of the MNCs in the production sector, together with changes in the supply pattern of know-how to India, has been caused by

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.It is difficult to compare countries because various factors such as size, culture, history, geography, natural endowments, geopolitics and internal polity come into play. There are some goals which can be achieved by smaller countries; [A] but sometimes smaller countries find it difficult to embark upon certain big technological plans even if they have the funds, because the size of the domestic market is too small. If we consider the bigger countries, the closest comparison to India is China, though there are many crucial differences.The Chinese vision is to prepare the country for entry into the ranks of mid-level developed nations by the middle of the twenty-first century. Acceleration of the nation's economic growth and social development by relying on advances in science and technology is pivotal in this.Documents describing the Chinese vision state that science and technology constitute premier productive forces and represent a great revolutionary power that can propel economic and social development. It is interesting to note that the main lessons the Chinese have drawn from their past performance is their failure to promote science and technology as strategic tools for empowerment. They also point to the absence of mechanisms and motivations in their economic activity to promote dependence on science and technology. [B] Similarly, they hold that their scientific and technological efforts were not oriented towards economic growth. As a consequence, they conclude, a large number of scientific and technological achievements were not converted into 'productive forces' as they were too far removed from China's immediate economic and social needs. [C] The Chinese vision is therefore aimed at exploiting state-of-art science and technology to enhance the nation's overall power and strength, to improve the people's living standards, to focus on resolving problems encountered in large-scale industrial and agricultural production aid to effectively control and alleviate pressures brought on by population, resources and the environment. By the year 2000, China had aimed at bringing the main industrial sectors upto the technological levels achieved by the developed countries in the 1970s or '80s, and by 2020 to the level they would have attained by the early twenty-first century. [D] The aim is to bridge the overall gap for the advanced world. There is a special emphasis on research and development of high technologies that would find defence applications. Some of these technologies are critical for the features of key conventional weapons. Some technologies are meant for enhancing future military capabilities. Other efforts are aimed at maintaining the momentum to develop capabilities for cutting–edge defence technologies. They call for unremitting efforts in this regard with the aim of maintaining effective self-defence and nuclear deterrent capabilities and to enable parity in defence science and technology with the advanced world.What need does the author want to highlight from the statement [B] 'Similarly, they hold that their scientific and technological efforts were not oriented towards economic growth'?

Directions: The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Read the passage carefully to answer the questions that follow:The internationalisation of business transactions, which forces changes in product lines and process, has enabled a handful of advanced nations to dominate and control technology. This has put developing nations like India at a disadvantage, because it is difficult for a developing nation to shorten product cycles, matching the developed nations. In the near absence of a level-playing field, it is important for India to look for new avenues in technology.The scarcity of capital has led to a weak R&D base, making technological self-sufficiency a distant dream for the country. The gap between what the country spends on R&D and what needs to be spent, to develop optimum technological capability, is wide. The USA spends annually about $150 billion on R&D followed by about $100 billion by Japan. The amount made available in India for S&T efforts is a nominal $1 billion. India's R&D spending is less than one percent of sales against 3 to 4 percent in OECD countries. Besides, nearly 90 percent of patents currently in force in India are meant to protect foreign patent-holders regarding technology innovations.To top it, Indian industry has been reluctant in developing technology-intensive production lines. There has been a general hesitance to either invest in indigenous R&D or go in for technology imports. What is interesting is that despite the technological backwardness, our expenditure on indigenous R&D has exceeded that of technology imports. In fact, royalty payments and technical fees as a percentage of sales- a proxy for technology imports - by large industrial houses is below 0.5 percent compared to R&D to sales ratio of about one percent.Perhaps, the need to resolve the immediate problems of production is better served by local R&D rather than imported technology. The large domestic market and inadequate investable resources is made to justify near autarky in technology acquisition.Of late, Indian industry, spurred by the liberalisation process, is taking a decisive turn to scale the technology barrier. It is, however, feared that the Indian entrepreneurs’ bid to integrate their production pattern with the world system might be met by technological production by western industries.The transnational corporations would ideally prefer the diffusion of technology embodied in exportable products then technology transfer. But, with the development of a strong manufacturing base in India, it is no longer possible for the transnationals to technologically monopolise all the production lines in the manufacturing industry. Hence, the multinationals from the industrial countries have changed their attitude towards sharing their technology with India. There has been discernible shift towards supply of know-how through foreign direct investment and licences in both low and medium R&D intensive areas.Enquiries from recipient firms in India have revealed that foreign firms are amenable to supplying know-how in manufacturing and capital goods industry. In fact, many engineering units have obtained the best possible technology in their area of operation. Similarly, a number of automobiles and chemicals units are reported to have obtained the latest technology, which has enabled them to become market leaders in their fields.Assimilation of technology, supplied by foreign companies to Indian firms, has brought discernible improvements in product quality, besides leading to energy conservation, capacity increase and pollution control. In such cases, the efficacy of technology transfer depends upon the relationship of the buyer with the supplier, which ultimately decides the success of the deal.In order to facilitate technology orientation, the government has taken some initiatives. Nevertheless, the efficient science-industry linkage, considered to be imperative for technology progress, has not yet materialised.Besides, our technology programme has yet to take stock of the present scenario, whereby internationalisation of business transactions has become a new reality. Our policies have failed to counter the threat posed by the globalisation process which, by moving towards the inter-dependence of nations, would result in the dependence of developing countries on the advanced nations.Our policy makers have chosen to ignore the glaring reality that it is the synergy between the industrial, financial and trade policies in identified areas of national priorities which could help work the technology miracle. Though the government encourages foreign investment in hi-tech areas, there has been no attempt to match technology with the scale of production. The country does not even have a credible policy for taking advantage of the advanced foreign sector, whose dominant presence is sought by the policy maker. The result: an increase in foreign investment and technology transfer and a refurbished manufacturing base but such that it would hardly enable us to break away from the dependency syndrome experienced vis-a-vis transnationals. In this connection, it may be noted that Japan carefully screened all technology contracts so that investment took place on favourable terms and placed severe restriction on foreign capital which was perceived to be detrimental to its interests.We have the capability to move from our present position of peripheral dependence to that of a mainstream player. It needs the will to re-orient our technology imperatives, evaluate its applicability and focus on a few strategic areas in which we have dynamic comparative advantage.There is no gainsaying that the ongoing protectionist tendency has compelled India to resort to import substitution in strategic hitech areas. Nevertheless, our endeavour should be to further strengthen our expertise in the traditional sphere of adaptive technology. But it is most important that apart from the above, we should focus on developing our human resources in which we have a potential comparative advantage.A large reservoir of scientific manpower could be effectively utilised to help India make a dent in the technology market where knowledge-intensive industries enjoy a monopoly status. Our human resources can be optimally deployed to make us world leaders in resource-based industries like information technology, computer software, systems engineering, design and biotechnology.A suitable policy framework, which at the outset, would aim at encouraging foreign investment, to develop our resource endowment areas which will utilise our existing talent and strengthen our comparative advantage in the long run, is necessary. India has the capability to penetrate the technology cartel created by multinationals in mainstream developed nations.Q. Globalisation is the new reality but there is a threat inherent to the interdependence of countries. This threat is

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What was the primary focus of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) when it was established in 1971?a)Development of heavy water productionb)Research in fusion technologyc)Development of fast breeder technologyd)Exploration of atomic mineralsCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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What was the primary focus of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) when it was established in 1971?a)Development of heavy water productionb)Research in fusion technologyc)Development of fast breeder technologyd)Exploration of atomic mineralsCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? for Bank Exams 2024 is part of Bank Exams preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the Bank Exams exam syllabus. Information about What was the primary focus of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) when it was established in 1971?a)Development of heavy water productionb)Research in fusion technologyc)Development of fast breeder technologyd)Exploration of atomic mineralsCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for Bank Exams 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for What was the primary focus of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) when it was established in 1971?a)Development of heavy water productionb)Research in fusion technologyc)Development of fast breeder technologyd)Exploration of atomic mineralsCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?.
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