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1.What do you understand by the word Mesopotamia? Name the important centres of
this civilization.?
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1.What do you understand by the word Mesopotamia? Name the important c...
Understanding Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization," is a historical region situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, primarily in modern-day Iraq. The term "Mesopotamia" translates to "the land between rivers." This area is renowned for its early developments in agriculture, writing, and urbanization, which laid the groundwork for future civilizations.

Important Centers of Mesopotamian Civilization
The key centers of Mesopotamian civilization include:
  • Uruk: Considered one of the first major cities in human history, Uruk was a hub of trade, culture, and governance. It is famous for its monumental architecture, including the ziggurat, and for the development of cuneiform writing.
  • Ur: Known for its well-organized urban layout and significant advancements in trade and crafts, Ur was a prosperous city-state. The Royal Cemetery of Ur revealed rich artifacts and insights into the burial practices of the Sumerians.
  • Babylon: A significant city-state renowned for its Hanging Gardens and as a center of law and administration under King Hammurabi. Babylon played a pivotal role in the cultural and political life of Mesopotamia.
  • Nineveh: The capital of the Assyrian Empire, Nineveh was an important cultural center with impressive libraries and art. It was known for its vast walls and complex irrigation systems.
  • Lagash: An influential city-state known for its art, architecture, and early legal systems. Lagash was a center for Sumerian culture and religion.


These cities contributed significantly to advancements in writing, trade, mathematics, and law, shaping the course of human history in profound ways. Mesopotamia's legacy continues to influence modern civilization.
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Position of centre of massIn a uniform gravitational field the centre of mass coincide with the centre of gravity. But these two points do not always coincide, however. For example, the Moon’s centre of mass is very close to its geometric centre (it is not exact because the Moon is not a perfect uniform spher e), but its centre of gravity is slightly displaced towards Earth because of the stronger gravitational force on the Moon’s near side facing the earth. If an object does not have a uniform weight distribution then the center of mass will be closer to where most of the weight is located. For example, the center of gravity for a hammer is located close to where the head connects to the handle. The center of mass can be located at an empty point in space, such as the center of a hollow ball. The center of gravity can even be completely outside of an object, such as for a donut or a curved banana.Standing upright, an adult human’s centre of mass is located roughly at the center of their torso. The centre of mass rises a few inches when with rising arms.The center of gravity can even be at a point outside the body, such as when bent over in an inverted-U pose.An object is in balanced position if its center of gravity is above its base of support. For the two cylinders below, the left cylinder’s CG is above the base of support so the upward support force from the base is aligned with the downward force of gravity. For the cylinder on the right the CG is not above the base of support so these two forces cannot align and instead create a torque that rotates the object, tipping it over.Two similar blocks are shown below. The first block is top-heavy and the second block is bottom heavy. Where the centers of mass will be located?

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1.What do you understand by the word Mesopotamia? Name the important centres ofthis civilization.?
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