Introduction
The term "November criminals" refers to the German politicians who signed the Armistice on November 11, 1918, effectively ending World War I. This label was used by nationalist groups in Germany, particularly by the emerging Nazi Party, to express their disdain for those they believed had betrayed the nation.
Context of the Term
- The term was coined during the post-war period when Germany faced significant political and economic turmoil.
- The signing of the Armistice was viewed by many as a capitulation, leading to the perception that the politicians who negotiated it had betrayed the German military and people.
Key Figures Identified
- Friedrich Ebert: Leader of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Chancellor of Germany at the time of the Armistice.
- Philipp Scheidemann: Also from the SPD, he proclaimed the German Republic from the Reichstag building, further solidifying the association with the November criminals.
- Others in the Weimar Government: Various members of the Weimar Coalition were implicated, as they were seen as supporters of the armistice and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles.
Consequences of the Label
- The branding of these politicians as "November criminals" contributed to a culture of blame and resentment, which fueled extremist political movements.
- It played a significant role in the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, who capitalized on the public's discontent.
Conclusion
The label "November criminals" remains a potent symbol in German history, representing the deep divisions and challenges faced during the Weimar Republic, and the consequences of political decisions made during a time of crisis. Understanding this term is crucial for grasping the political landscape of post-World War I Germany.