What is Behaviourism?
Behaviourism is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable behaviours rather than internal mental processes. It posits that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning and can be altered through interaction with the environment.
Key Principles of Behaviourism
- Focus on Observable Behaviour
Behaviourism asserts that psychology should only study what can be observed and measured, dismissing introspection and internal mental states.
- Conditioning
The two main types of conditioning are:
- Classical Conditioning: Learning through association, famously illustrated by Pavlov’s experiments with dogs.
- Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences, where behaviours are modified by rewards or punishments, as demonstrated by B.F. Skinner.
- Environment's Role
Behaviourists believe that the environment shapes behaviour. External stimuli trigger responses, and different environments can lead to different behaviours.
Key Figures in Behaviourism
- John B. Watson
Often regarded as the father of behaviourism, Watson emphasized the need for a scientific approach to psychology.
- B.F. Skinner
A prominent behaviourist who introduced the concept of operant conditioning and conducted extensive research on reinforcement.
Applications of Behaviourism
- Education
Behaviourist principles are applied in teaching methods, using reinforcement to encourage desired behaviours and learning outcomes.
- Therapy
Behavioural therapies, such as CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), are grounded in behaviourist principles to address and modify maladaptive behaviours.
In summary, behaviourism offers a framework for understanding human behaviour through environmental interactions, emphasizing observable actions and the processes that shape them.