In heterolytic cleavage, a covalent bond breaks in such a way that one fragment gets both of the shared electrons. In homolytic cleavage, a covalent bond breaks in such a way that each fragment gets one of the shared electrons. The word heterolytic comes from the Greek heteros, "different", and lysis, "loosening".

Heterolytic cleavage is a way to cleave covalent bonds.

Covalent Bonds:
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. In a covalent bond, the shared electrons are localized between the two atoms. These bonds are typically found between nonmetals or between a nonmetal and a metalloid.

Heterolytic Cleavage:
Heterolytic cleavage, also known as heterolysis, is a type of bond cleavage in which the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond is unequally shared. It occurs when one of the atoms involved in the bond has a higher electronegativity, resulting in the atom pulling the shared electrons closer to itself. This creates a temporary separation of charges, with one atom developing a partial positive charge (cation) and the other atom developing a partial negative charge (anion).

Explanation:
Heterolytic cleavage can occur in certain situations, such as when a covalent bond is broken during a reaction or when a molecule is subjected to external influences like heat or light. When the covalent bond is cleaved heterolytically, the electron pair is completely transferred to one of the atoms, resulting in the formation of two charged species - a cation and an anion.

For example, consider the heterolytic cleavage of a hydrogen-chlorine (H-Cl) bond. Chlorine is more electronegative than hydrogen, so it attracts the electron pair closer to itself. When the bond is cleaved heterolytically, chlorine gains both electrons from the shared pair, forming a chloride ion (Cl-) with a negative charge, and hydrogen loses both electrons, forming a hydrogen cation (H+) with a positive charge.

Heterolytic cleavage is commonly observed in reactions involving polar covalent compounds, such as those containing polar functional groups like carbonyl (C=O) or hydroxyl (OH-) groups. In these reactions, the polarity of the bond facilitates the heterolytic cleavage, leading to the formation of ions or ion-like species.

In summary, heterolytic cleavage is a process in which a covalent bond is broken unevenly, resulting in the formation of charged species. It is a way to cleave covalent bonds and is commonly observed in reactions involving polar compounds.

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