**Formal Organization**

Formal organization refers to the deliberate and planned structure established within an entity to achieve specific goals and objectives. It is a structured and hierarchical framework that defines the roles, responsibilities, and relationships among individuals working together towards a common purpose. Formal organizations are typically found in businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and other large-scale entities.

**Characteristics of Formal Organization:**

1. **Hierarchy:** Formal organizations have a clear chain of command, with levels of authority and supervision. Each level has its own set of responsibilities and reporting lines.

2. **Division of Labor:** Tasks and responsibilities are divided among members based on their skills, expertise, and job roles. This ensures that work is efficiently carried out and specific objectives are achieved.

3. **Rules and Regulations:** Formal organizations operate according to a set of established rules and regulations. These guidelines define the behavior, procedures, and policies that members must adhere to.

4. **Clear Communication Channels:** Formal organizations have well-defined communication channels that facilitate the flow of information and instructions. This ensures that relevant information reaches the right individuals in a timely manner.

5. **Goal Orientation:** Formal organizations are created with specific goals and objectives in mind. Members work towards achieving these goals through coordinated efforts and collaboration.

**Informal Organization**

Informal organization, on the other hand, refers to the network of social relationships, interactions, and communication that exist within a formal organization. It is the informal structure that emerges spontaneously among individuals as they engage in daily activities and build personal connections. Informal organizations are based on social interactions, shared interests, and personal affiliations.

**Characteristics of Informal Organization:**

1. **Social Networks:** Informal organizations are built on social networks and personal relationships. Individuals form informal groups based on common interests, friendships, or shared experiences.

2. **Grapevine Communication:** Informal organizations often rely on grapevine communication, which is the transmission of information through informal channels. This network allows for the exchange of rumors, opinions, and unofficial news.

3. **Emergent Leadership:** In contrast to formal organizations where leadership positions are designated, informal organizations may have emergent leaders who gain influence through their personal qualities, expertise, or popularity among group members.

4. **Social Norms and Culture:** Informal organizations develop their own set of social norms, values, and culture. These unwritten rules guide behavior and interactions within the informal groups.

5. **Support and Socialization:** Informal organizations provide support, socialization, and a sense of belonging to individuals within the formal organization. They often contribute to employee satisfaction, morale, and overall well-being.

In conclusion, formal and informal organizations are two distinct but interconnected aspects of a workplace. While the formal organization provides structure, hierarchy, and goal orientation, the informal organization focuses on social connections, communication networks, and shared norms. Both elements play a vital role in shaping the dynamics, culture, and effectiveness of an organization.

Formal Organization is an organisation in which job of each member is clearly defined, whose authority, responsibility and accountability are fixed. Informal Organization is formed within the formal organisation as a network of interpersonal relationship when people interact with each other.