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Who are Aryans?Who were their opponents?
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Who are Aryans?Who were their opponents?
The people of vedic age are Aryans. They called their opponents as dasa. (answer it in your words).
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Who are Aryans?Who were their opponents?
Aryans:
The term "Aryans" refers to a group of people who were believed to have migrated from Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE. The word "Aryan" is derived from the Sanskrit word "arya," meaning noble or honorable. It was initially used to describe a linguistic and cultural group rather than a race.

Origins:
The Aryans were primarily a pastoral and nomadic people who spoke Indo-European languages. They possessed advanced knowledge of agriculture, horse breeding, and chariot warfare. The Aryan society was organized into tribes or clans, with a prominent warrior class known as Kshatriyas.

Religion and Culture:
The Aryans practiced a polytheistic religion known as Vedic religion, which later evolved into Hinduism. They composed the sacred texts called the Vedas, which contained hymns, rituals, and philosophical speculations. The Aryans worshipped various deities, such as Indra (god of thunder and war), Agni (god of fire), and Varuna (god of order and cosmic law).

Opponents:
The Aryans encountered several indigenous groups in the Indian subcontinent, with whom they interacted and sometimes clashed. Some of their major opponents were:

1. Dravidians:
- The Dravidians were the native inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent before the arrival of the Aryans.
- They had developed a distinct language family called Dravidian, which includes languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam.
- The Dravidians had an established urban civilization and practiced agriculture.
- The interaction between the Aryans and Dravidians led to the formation of a diverse and complex society in ancient India.

2. Kshatriyas:
- The Aryans themselves had a hierarchical social structure, and the Kshatriyas were the warrior class.
- While not direct opponents, different Kshatriya clans often competed for power and resources.
- This internal rivalry sometimes resulted in conflicts and battles between Aryan tribes.

3. Indigenous Tribes:
- The Aryans encountered various indigenous tribes like the Rakshasas, Nagas, and Asuras.
- These tribes had their own distinct cultures, religious practices, and social structures.
- Interactions with these tribes varied, ranging from peaceful coexistence to conflicts over land and resources.

Conclusion:
The Aryans were a nomadic group that migrated to the Indian subcontinent and interacted with various indigenous groups. Their opponents included the Dravidians, Kshatriyas, and indigenous tribes. These interactions shaped the social, cultural, and religious landscape of ancient India, leading to the development of a diverse and complex society.
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History History is a chronological account of events as they took place in the past.➢ Why should we study History?We should study history as it tells us about our past.Archaeological SiteIt gives us an understanding of our ancient culture and lifestyle.It helps us to solve the problems of the present-day world.➢ Time Frames of HistoryHistorians use a chronological sequence for a better understanding. The birth of Jesus Christ has been taken as year zero.Any event before Christ is called Before Christ (BC) and any event after the birth of Jesus is called Anno Domini (AD).The timeline of history is divided into three stages: (i) Prehistory(ii) Protohistory(iii) HistoryQuestion 1:All dates before the birth of Christ are counted backwards and usually have the lettersa.ACb.ADc.BCd.BD➢ Where did People Live?People lived near river valleys. This was because rivers provided water for all purposes.Traces of life were found near Sulaiman and Kirtar hills in North West.Traces of life even existed along Ganga. Mahajanapadas like Magadha, Kashi, Vajji, etc., flourished 2500 years ago.The Himalayan mountain has acted as a natural barrier between India and Central Asia for ages.The places where rice was first grown are to the north of the Vindhyas.➢ How was the name India derived?Our country is called India and Bharat.Bharat was used by the people of North India in the Sanskrit composition Rigveda.The word Indus traces its roots from the river Indus which is called Sindhu in Sanskrit.➢ How do we know about the past?Archaeologists and historians study several sources to tell us about the past. There are two sources - archaeological and literary.Archaeology: The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of physical remains.Inscriptions: Inscriptions are writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal. In the past, when kings wanted their orders inscribed so that people could see, read and obey them, they used inscriptions for this purpose.InscriptionArchaeologists use sources like monuments, artefacts, inscription and coins.Handwritten or any other written record of the past is known as a literary source.Literary sources include two types of literature - religious literature and secular literature.Manuscripts are books that were written long ago by hand. These were written on palm leaves or on the specially prepared bark of a tree known as the birch, which grows in the Himalayas. These books dealt with all kinds of subjects: religious beliefs and practices, the lives of kings, medicine and science.ManuscriptQuestion 2:Where were the manuscripts written?a.On palm leafb.On peepal leafc.On banana leafd.On tulsi leaf➢ Who studied sources of History?There were two groups of people who studied history. One was called archaeologist and the other group was called historians.Archaeologists studied the remains of buildings made of stones, bricks, paintings and sculptures.The other group called historians were the people who studied the past and used information found in inscriptions, seals and scripts.Question 3:They study about the remains of buildings made of stone and brick, paintings and sculpture. They explore to find tools, weapons, ornaments, and coinsa.Archaeologistb.Historiansc.Information officersd.Geologist Related: Chapter Notes - What, Where, How and When??

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