Effect of Potential Difference on Random Motion of Free Electrons in a Conductor

When a potential difference is applied across the ends of a conductor, the random motion of free electrons within the conductor is affected. This is because the potential difference causes a flow of electrons, which results in an electric current.

Drift Velocity
The electric field created by the potential difference exerts a force on the free electrons in the conductor, causing them to move in a specific direction. However, the motion of the electrons is not uniform, as they still experience collisions with other electrons and atoms in the conductor. This results in a net velocity, known as the drift velocity, which is much slower than the speed of the electrons.

Resistance
The resistance of the conductor also affects the motion of the free electrons. As the electrons move through the conductor, they collide with the atoms and ions in the material. These collisions slow down the electrons and cause them to lose energy, which results in an increase in temperature of the conductor.

Conductivity
The conductivity of the conductor also plays a role in the motion of the free electrons. Conductivity refers to the ability of a material to conduct electricity. Materials with high conductivity have a large number of free electrons that are able to move easily through the material.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the random motion of free electrons in a conductor is affected by the potential difference applied across its ends. The electric field created by the potential difference causes a flow of electrons, resulting in an electric current. The motion of the electrons is affected by factors such as the drift velocity, resistance, and conductivity of the conductor.