Chapter 12: Reproduction in Plants, Class 7, Science

Introduction:
Reproduction in plants is a vital process that ensures the continuation of the species. It involves the formation of new individuals from pre-existing ones. Plants have different methods of reproduction, including both sexual and asexual modes.

Asexual Reproduction:
1. Vegetative Propagation: This method involves the production of new plants from vegetative parts such as roots, stems, and leaves. Examples include runners, tubers, bulbs, and rhizomes.
2. Budding: In this process, a small bud develops on the parent plant and eventually separates to form a new individual.
3. Fragmentation: It occurs when a parent plant breaks into fragments, and each fragment develops into a new plant.
4. Spore Formation: Some plants produce spores, which are small reproductive structures. These spores germinate to form new plants.

Sexual Reproduction:
1. Flower Structure: Flowers are the reproductive structures of plants. They consist of various parts, including petals, sepals, stamens, and pistils.
2. Pollination: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. It can occur through various agents such as wind, water, insects, and animals.
3. Fertilization: After pollination, the male gametes from the pollen grains fuse with the female gametes in the ovule, resulting in fertilization.
4. Seed Formation: Fertilization leads to the formation of seeds. The ovary develops into a fruit, while the ovules develop into seeds.
5. Seed Dispersal: Plants have evolved different mechanisms for seed dispersal, such as wind dispersal, animal dispersal, and water dispersal.
6. Germination: When conditions are favorable, the seed undergoes germination, leading to the growth of a new plant.

Conclusion:
Reproduction in plants is essential for the survival and propagation of different species. By understanding the different methods of reproduction, we can appreciate the diversity and adaptability of plant life. It is crucial to protect and conserve plant species to maintain the balance of ecosystems.