The Parliament is the final authority for making laws in the country. The task of making a law is called legislation. Hence, the parliament or the assemblies are called legislatures. The legislature can make a new law. It can also change the existing laws or abolish existing laws.

Parliaments have some control over those who run the government. In India, the control of the parliament is direct and full. A government is empowered to take a decision only till it enjoys the support of the Parliament.

In most of the democratic countries, the public money can only be spent after the sanction of the parliament. Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country. Parliament has the right to seek information on any matter.

Both the houses need to pass any ordinary law. A bill can become a law only after both the houses pass it. In case of any difference between the houses, a joint session takes the final decision. Since the Lok Sabha has more members than the Rajya Sabha, so the view of the Lok Sabha is likely to prevail during a joint session.

Working of Institutions (I) - Detailed Chapter Notes

The working of institutions is an important aspect of understanding the functioning of a parliamentary system. In this chapter, we will delve into the various aspects of parliamentary institutions and their roles and responsibilities.

Introduction to Parliamentary Institutions

Parliamentary institutions form the backbone of a democratic nation. They are responsible for making laws, representing the citizens, and overseeing the functioning of the government. In a parliamentary system, the parliament is the supreme legislative body.

Functions of Parliament

1. Legislative Function: The primary function of parliament is to make laws. Members of parliament propose, debate, and pass laws that govern the country. These laws are aimed at maintaining peace, order, and prosperity.

2. Executive Function: Parliament plays a crucial role in the formation of the government. It approves the executive or the government, which is responsible for implementing the laws and policies of the country.

3. Representative Function: Members of parliament represent the interests and concerns of the citizens. They voice the grievances and issues faced by their constituents and work towards finding solutions.

4. Oversight Function: Parliament acts as a watchdog over the government's activities. It scrutinizes the actions of the executive, ensuring transparency and accountability. This includes reviewing the budget, questioning ministers, and investigating any alleged wrongdoings.

5. Constituent Assembly Function: In some countries, parliament also functions as a constituent assembly. It is responsible for drafting or amending the constitution, ensuring the protection of fundamental rights and the democratic framework of the nation.

Structure of Parliament

1. Lower House: The lower house, also known as the House of Representatives or the Lok Sabha, is directly elected by the people. It represents the citizens and their interests. The members of the lower house debate and pass bills.

2. Upper House: The upper house, also known as the Senate or the Rajya Sabha, represents the states or regions. The members of the upper house are either elected or appointed. It acts as a revising chamber, reviewing and suggesting amendments to bills passed by the lower house.

3. Speaker: The speaker is the presiding officer of the parliament. They maintain order during debates, decide on procedural matters, and ensure the smooth functioning of the house.

4. Committees: Parliament forms various committees to facilitate its functioning. These committees specialize in different areas such as finance, defense, and social welfare. They study bills in detail, conduct inquiries, and make recommendations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, parliamentary institutions play a vital role in the functioning of a democratic nation. They ensure the representation of citizens, make laws, oversee the government, and protect the democratic fabric of the country. Understanding the working of these institutions is essential for every citizen to actively participate in the democratic process.