• Kingdom Plantae
-> Kingdom Plantae includes green, brown and red algae, liverworts, mosses, ferns and seed plants with or without flowers. They have the following characteristics:


√ They are multicellular organisms with walled and frequently vacuolate eukaryotic cells.

√ These contain photosynthetic pigment in plastids. Principle mode of nutrition is photosynthesis.

√ They are primarily non-motile and live anchored to a substrate.

√ Reproduction is primarily asexual or sexual. The reproductive organs are multicellular. They for a multicellular embryo during development from the zygote. Algae lack embryo stage.

√ Life cycle consists of alternating haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generation. This phenomenon is called alternation of generation.


TYPES OF KINGDOM PLANTAE-

i> Thallophyta (Algae)

->They are simple, autotrophic non-vascular plants. They have unicelled sex organs and no embryo formation.

ii> Pteridophyta

->The pteridophytes (Gk. Pteron = feather and phyton = plants) refers to all those plants with feathers like fronds or ferns. They do not have flowers or seeds. These plants are mostly terrestrial. They prefer shady habitats. They have Sporophytic plant body.The pteridophyte usually has a single apical cell with three cutting faces in the shoot apex.


iii> Angiosperms

->The angiosperms, or flowering plants, are the most dominant and ubiquitous vascular plants of present-day flora. These plants are primarily responsible for changing the green and yellow melancholy of the earth’s vegetation. They do so by their beautiful and colourful brightness and fragrance of their flower.

The term angiosperm means ‘enclosed seed’. This is so because the ovules or potential seeds are enclosed within a hollow ovary. We can divide the plants of Angiosperms into two major groups as – Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.

HOPE THIS HELPS YOU....

The Kingdom Plantae Classification

Plants are a diverse group of multicellular organisms that play a crucial role in our ecosystem. They belong to the kingdom Plantae, which encompasses a wide range of organisms, including mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. Let's delve into the classification of the kingdom Plantae in detail:

1. Division Bryophyta (Mosses)
- Mosses are non-vascular plants that lack specialized tissues for water and nutrient transportation.
- They have simple stems, leaves, and rhizoids for anchoring.
- Mosses require a moist environment to reproduce.

2. Division Pteridophyta (Ferns)
- Ferns are vascular plants that possess specialized tissues for water and nutrient transport.
- They have true roots, stems, and leaves.
- Ferns reproduce through spores.

3. Division Coniferophyta (Gymnosperms)
- Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants that do not produce flowers.
- They have woody, cone-bearing structures.
- Gymnosperms include conifers, such as pine, spruce, and fir trees.

4. Division Anthophyta (Flowering Plants)
- Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, are the most diverse group of plants.
- They have complex reproductive structures, including flowers and fruits.
- Angiosperms can be further classified into two subclasses: monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots).

4.1 Monocotyledons (Monocots)
- Monocots have a single cotyledon in their seeds.
- They typically possess parallel-veined leaves.
- Examples of monocots include grasses, lilies, and orchids.

4.2 Dicotyledons (Dicots)
- Dicots have two cotyledons in their seeds.
- They generally have net-veined leaves.
- Examples of dicots include roses, sunflowers, and oak trees.

Conclusion
The kingdom Plantae exhibits a vast variety of plants, each with its unique characteristics and adaptations. From the non-vascular mosses to the diverse and dominant flowering plants, plants play a vital role in maintaining the balance of our planet's ecosystems. Understanding the classification of the kingdom Plantae helps us appreciate the incredible diversity and complexity of the plant world.