Steps taken by Akbar to improve agriculture:

Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, took several steps to improve agriculture in his empire. These measures were aimed at increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and promoting economic growth. Some of the key steps taken by Akbar include:

1. Land Revenue Reforms:
- Akbar implemented a new system of revenue collection known as the "Dahsala" system. Under this system, the revenue was fixed at one-tenth of the agricultural produce.
- The revenue assessment was based on a detailed survey and measurement of land, which helped in reducing the exploitation of farmers by revenue officials.
- This system provided stability to farmers and encouraged them to invest in improving agricultural techniques.

2. Encouragement of Cash Crops:
- Akbar encouraged the cultivation of cash crops such as cotton, indigo, and opium, which were in high demand in domestic and international markets.
- He provided incentives to farmers by offering them loans, subsidies, and technical assistance for growing these cash crops.
- This not only increased agricultural production but also boosted the economy through trade and commerce.

3. Irrigation and Water Management:
- Akbar realized the importance of irrigation for agricultural development and undertook several projects to improve water management.
- He constructed canals, wells, and reservoirs to ensure a regular supply of water to farmlands. These irrigation systems promoted the cultivation of multiple crops and increased productivity.
- The "Tankah" system was introduced, which involved the maintenance and repair of irrigation infrastructure.

4. Scientific Farming Techniques:
- Akbar promoted the use of scientific farming techniques by introducing new crops, improving soil fertility, and implementing better cultivation methods.
- He established experimental farms called "Baradari" to test new agricultural practices and educate farmers about modern techniques.
- Akbar also encouraged the exchange of agricultural knowledge and expertise with other regions and countries.

5. Forest Conservation:
- Akbar recognized the importance of forests in maintaining ecological balance and supporting agricultural activities.
- He implemented strict measures to prevent deforestation and encouraged reforestation by planting trees.
- The conservation of forests helped in preserving soil fertility, preventing soil erosion, and providing a sustainable source of timber for agriculture.

Overall, Akbar's initiatives to improve agriculture played a significant role in boosting agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and promoting economic growth in the Mughal Empire. These measures laid the foundation for a prosperous agricultural sector that continued to flourish even after his reign.

Discuss the role of the zamindars in the mughal administration