The uneven distribution of the population is due to the varying population density of the country. Population density = the total number of people per unit of area. Also, population density is largely dependent on the geographical location and geological factors. Therefore, states like Assam, Himachal Pradesh, and other hilly terrains have a lower density of population. While the northern plains and coastal areas like Kerala, West Bengal, and Maharashtra have very high population density.

Causes of Uneven Distribution in India

There are several factors that contribute to the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities in India. These include historical, geographical, economic, and social factors. Let's explore each of these in detail:

1. Historical Factors:
- Colonial Legacy: The British colonial rule had a profound impact on India's economic and social structure. The exploitative policies of the British led to the concentration of wealth and resources in the hands of a few, perpetuating inequality.
- Caste System: The caste system, deeply rooted in Indian society, has historically divided people into hierarchical social groups, limiting opportunities for social mobility and creating disparities in access to resources.

2. Geographical Factors:
- Regional Disparities: India is a vast country with diverse geographic features. Some regions, such as the fertile Gangetic plains, have better access to resources like water and arable land, while others, such as arid regions or hilly terrains, face challenges in agriculture and infrastructure development.
- Natural Disasters: India is prone to natural disasters like floods, droughts, and earthquakes. These disasters disproportionately affect certain regions, causing economic setbacks and hindering development.

3. Economic Factors:
- Poverty and Income Inequality: India has a significant population living below the poverty line, with limited access to basic amenities and opportunities. Income inequality is pervasive, with a small section of the population holding a majority of the wealth.
- Lack of Infrastructure: Insufficient infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, hampers economic growth and access to education, healthcare, transportation, and communication networks. This further exacerbates regional disparities.

4. Social Factors:
- Gender Inequality: Gender disparities persist in India, with women facing limited opportunities, lower wages, and restricted access to education and healthcare. This inequality contributes to the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities.
- Education and Skill Gap: Unequal access to quality education and skill development creates disparities in employment opportunities. The lack of skilled workforce in certain regions further widens the gap between developed and underdeveloped areas.

In conclusion, the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities in India can be attributed to a combination of historical, geographical, economic, and social factors. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive policies aimed at reducing inequality, improving infrastructure, promoting education and skill development, and empowering marginalized communities.