Pastoralists, who relied on livestock rearing as their primary means of livelihood, faced significant challenges during the colonial period. The changes in production brought about by colonialism had a profound impact on their way of life. Here is a detailed explanation of how pastoralists coped with these changes:

1. Loss of grazing lands:
- Pastoralists traditionally relied on access to vast grazing lands for their livestock.
- With the arrival of colonial powers, these lands were often seized for agricultural or commercial purposes, leaving pastoralists with limited grazing areas.

2. Sedentarization:
- In response to the loss of grazing lands, many pastoral communities were forced to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle.
- They established permanent settlements and became more dependent on agriculture and other non-pastoral activities for survival.

3. Shift in livestock management:
- Pastoralists had to adapt their livestock management practices due to changes in land ownership and availability.
- They had to concentrate their herds in smaller areas, leading to overgrazing and increased competition for resources.

4. Market integration:
- Colonial powers introduced a cash economy and a market-oriented approach to production.
- Pastoralists had to engage in the market economy by selling their livestock and purchasing necessary goods and services.
- This shift required them to learn new skills such as marketing, pricing, and negotiation.

5. Adoption of new technologies:
- With the advent of colonial rule, pastoralists were exposed to new technologies like modern veterinary medicine, improved breed selection, and better animal husbandry practices.
- Some pastoral communities embraced these advancements to enhance their livestock production and improve their economic prospects.

6. Resistance and adaptation:
- In some cases, pastoralists resisted the changes imposed by colonial powers through rebellions and protests.
- They also adapted their traditional knowledge and practices to the new circumstances, finding innovative ways to sustain their livelihoods.

7. Formation of pastoral associations:
- Pastoralists formed associations and cooperatives to protect their rights, advocate for their interests, and collectively address the challenges they faced.
- These organizations played a crucial role in negotiating with colonial authorities and later with post-colonial governments.

In conclusion, pastoralists coped with the changes in production during the colonial period through a combination of adaptation, resistance, and the adoption of new strategies. Despite the challenges they faced, many pastoral communities managed to preserve their way of life and continue their traditional livelihoods alongside the emerging market economy.