Tissue culture is a technique used in plant science to propagate and grow new plants from small plant tissue samples. It involves the isolation and culture of plant cells, tissues, or organs under controlled laboratory conditions to produce new plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant. This process is also known as micropropagation.

Micropropagation is commonly used to produce large numbers of plants with desirable traits, such as disease resistance or high yield, in a short period of time. It is especially useful for plants that are difficult to propagate through traditional methods like seeds or cuttings.

Tissue culture involves several steps, including:

1. Explant Selection: The first step is selecting a suitable plant tissue sample, known as an explant. This can be a small piece of leaf, stem, or root from the parent plant.

2. Sterilization: The explant is sterilized using disinfectants or heat treatment to eliminate any surface contamination. This step is crucial to prevent the growth of unwanted microorganisms that could inhibit the growth of the tissue culture.

3. Culture Medium: The sterilized explant is then placed onto a culture medium, which is a nutrient-rich gel or liquid containing a mixture of minerals, vitamins, sugars, and growth regulators. The medium provides the necessary nutrients for the growth and development of the explant.

4. Callus Formation: Initially, the explant may form a mass of undifferentiated cells called a callus. The callus can be further manipulated to produce shoots, roots, or embryos.

5. Shoot Proliferation: By manipulating the growth regulators in the culture medium, the callus can be induced to produce shoots. These shoots can be further multiplied by cutting them into smaller pieces and transferring them to fresh culture medium.

6. Root Induction: Once an adequate number of shoots have been obtained, they can be transferred to a different culture medium to induce root formation. This is done by adjusting the concentration and type of growth regulators in the medium.

7. Acclimatization: Finally, the rooted plantlets are transferred to a soil mix and gradually acclimatized to the natural environment. This step is important for the survival and successful establishment of the tissue-cultured plants.

Overall, tissue culture is a powerful tool in plant science that allows for the rapid production of genetically identical plants. It has revolutionized plant breeding and the production of disease-free planting materials.

When thousands of cell are joined each other to make a tissue