UPSC Exam  >  UPSC Notes  >  Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)  >  एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: खुली अर्थव्यवस्था मैक्रोइकॉनॉमिक्स

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: खुली अर्थव्यवस्था मैक्रोइकॉनॉमिक्स | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

Download, print and study this document offline
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
 Page 1


vè;k; 6
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk gS tks fofHkUu ekè;eksa }kjk vU; ns'kksa
ls varZO;ogkj djrh gSA vc rd geus bl igyw ij fopkj ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj
can vFkZO;oLFkk rd lhfer js[kk ftlesa 'ks"k fo'o ls dksbZ tqM+ko gha gksrs rkfd
gekjk fo'ys"k.k ljy jgs vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQ vk/kj ra=k dh O;k[;k
ljy gksA okLro esa] vf/dak'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ [kqyh gSaA bu tqM+koksa dks LFkkfir
djus osQ rhu rjhosQ gSaA
1-  fuxZr cktkjµ ,d vFkZO;oLFkk vU; ns'kksa ls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa esa O;kikj
dj ldrh gSA blls p;u foLr`r gksrk gS] bl vFkZ esa fd miHkksDrk vkSj
mRiknd ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ chp p;u dj ldrs gSaA
2- foÙkh; cktkjµ vf/d ckj] ,d vFkZO;oLFkk] nwljs ns'kksa ls foÙkh;
ifjlaifÙk;k¡ [kjhnrh gSA blls fofu;kstdksa dks ?kjsyw rd fons'kh ifjlaifÙks;k¡
ls p;u dh volj feyrk gSA
3-  Je cktkjµ IkQEkZ ;g p;u dj ldrh gSa fd mRiknu dks dgk¡ fd;k tk,
vkSj Jfed p;u dj ldrs gSa fd dgk¡ dke fd;k tk;A vusdksa vizoklu
dkuwu] Jfedksa dh ns'kksa osQ eè; vkokxeu dks Ikzfrcaf/r djrs gSaA
Ikkjaifjd :i ls] oLrqvksa osQ vokxeu dks] Je vkokxeu osQ LFkkiuk dh
Hkk¡fr ns[kk x;k gSA ge] Ikgys nks tqM+koksa ij fopkj djrs gSA
bl izdkj] [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk og gS tks vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa esa O;kij djrh gS vkSj cgq/k] foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa HkhA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
Hkkjrh; pkjksa vksj fo'o esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk miHkksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr
ls dqN oLrqvksa dk vU; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl Ikzdkj] fons'kh O;kikj] Hkkjr dh leLr ek¡x dks nks izdkj ls
IkzHkkfor djrk gSA izFke] tc Hkkjrh; fons'kh oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrs gSa rks muosQ
}kjk fd;k x;k O;; leLr ek¡x dks de djrs gq,] vk; osQ orqZy Ikzokg ls
fjlko osQ :i esa fu"dkflr gksrk gSA f}rh;] fons'kksa dks tks ge fu;kZr djrs
gSa og ?kjsyw mRikfnr oLrqvksa osQ fy;s leLr ek¡x esa o`f¼ djrs gq, orqZy Ikzokg
esa var {ksi.k osQ :i esa izos'k djrk gSA
tc jk"Vªh; lhekvksa osQ chp oLrqvksa dk vkokxeu gksrk gS] lkSnksa osQ
fy;s nzO; dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA varZjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,slh dksbZ ,d djsalh
ugha gS tks fdlh ,d cSad }kjk fuxZfer dh tkrh gksA fons'kh vkfFkZd ,tsaV]
fdlh jk"Vªh; djsalh dks rHkh Lohdkj djsaxs] ;fn os vk'oLr gks fd ml djsalh
2018-19
Page 2


vè;k; 6
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk gS tks fofHkUu ekè;eksa }kjk vU; ns'kksa
ls varZO;ogkj djrh gSA vc rd geus bl igyw ij fopkj ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj
can vFkZO;oLFkk rd lhfer js[kk ftlesa 'ks"k fo'o ls dksbZ tqM+ko gha gksrs rkfd
gekjk fo'ys"k.k ljy jgs vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQ vk/kj ra=k dh O;k[;k
ljy gksA okLro esa] vf/dak'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ [kqyh gSaA bu tqM+koksa dks LFkkfir
djus osQ rhu rjhosQ gSaA
1-  fuxZr cktkjµ ,d vFkZO;oLFkk vU; ns'kksa ls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa esa O;kikj
dj ldrh gSA blls p;u foLr`r gksrk gS] bl vFkZ esa fd miHkksDrk vkSj
mRiknd ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ chp p;u dj ldrs gSaA
2- foÙkh; cktkjµ vf/d ckj] ,d vFkZO;oLFkk] nwljs ns'kksa ls foÙkh;
ifjlaifÙk;k¡ [kjhnrh gSA blls fofu;kstdksa dks ?kjsyw rd fons'kh ifjlaifÙks;k¡
ls p;u dh volj feyrk gSA
3-  Je cktkjµ IkQEkZ ;g p;u dj ldrh gSa fd mRiknu dks dgk¡ fd;k tk,
vkSj Jfed p;u dj ldrs gSa fd dgk¡ dke fd;k tk;A vusdksa vizoklu
dkuwu] Jfedksa dh ns'kksa osQ eè; vkokxeu dks Ikzfrcaf/r djrs gSaA
Ikkjaifjd :i ls] oLrqvksa osQ vokxeu dks] Je vkokxeu osQ LFkkiuk dh
Hkk¡fr ns[kk x;k gSA ge] Ikgys nks tqM+koksa ij fopkj djrs gSA
bl izdkj] [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk og gS tks vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa esa O;kij djrh gS vkSj cgq/k] foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa HkhA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
Hkkjrh; pkjksa vksj fo'o esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk miHkksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr
ls dqN oLrqvksa dk vU; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl Ikzdkj] fons'kh O;kikj] Hkkjr dh leLr ek¡x dks nks izdkj ls
IkzHkkfor djrk gSA izFke] tc Hkkjrh; fons'kh oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrs gSa rks muosQ
}kjk fd;k x;k O;; leLr ek¡x dks de djrs gq,] vk; osQ orqZy Ikzokg ls
fjlko osQ :i esa fu"dkflr gksrk gSA f}rh;] fons'kksa dks tks ge fu;kZr djrs
gSa og ?kjsyw mRikfnr oLrqvksa osQ fy;s leLr ek¡x esa o`f¼ djrs gq, orqZy Ikzokg
esa var {ksi.k osQ :i esa izos'k djrk gSA
tc jk"Vªh; lhekvksa osQ chp oLrqvksa dk vkokxeu gksrk gS] lkSnksa osQ
fy;s nzO; dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA varZjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,slh dksbZ ,d djsalh
ugha gS tks fdlh ,d cSad }kjk fuxZfer dh tkrh gksA fons'kh vkfFkZd ,tsaV]
fdlh jk"Vªh; djsalh dks rHkh Lohdkj djsaxs] ;fn os vk'oLr gks fd ml djsalh
2018-19
91
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk&&
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
dh ,d fuf'pr ek=kk ls os tks oLrq,¡ [kjhn losQaxs] mlesa volj ifjorZu ugha gksxkA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] djsalh dh Ø; 'kkfDr fLFkj jgsxhA
bl fo'okl osQ cxSj] fdlh djsalh dks varjkZ"Vªh; fofue; osQ ekè;e osQ :i esa mi;ksx
ugha fd;k tk;sxk vkSj u gh ys[kk dh bdkbZ osQ :i esa mi;ksx gksxk D;ksafd ,slk dksbZ varjk"Vªh;
izf/dj.k ugh gS ftlosQ Ikkl ;g 'kfDr gks fd og varjkZ"Vªh; ysu nsu esa fdlh djsalh osQ
mi;ksx dks ykxw dj losQA
Hkwrdky esa] ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa osQ }kjk laHkkO; mi;ksxdrkZvksa dk fo'okl Ikkus osQ fy;s
;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd jk"Vªh; eqnzk fuokZ/ :i ls fLFkj dher ij nwljh ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa ifjofrZr
gksaxs] ftlosQ ewY; ij tkjhdrkZ dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksxkA ;g nwljh ifjlaifÙk cgq/k lksuk ;k
vU; jk"Vªh; eqnzk,¡ FkhA bl opuc¼rk osQ nks igyw gSa ftlus bldh fo'oluh;rk dks izHkkfor
fd;k gS& vlhfer ek=kk esa fuokZ/ :i esa ifjorZu dh lerk vkSj dher] ftl Ikj ifjorZu gksrk
gSA bUgha eqnzksa dk fujkdj.k djus rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; ysunsu esa fLFkjrk ykus osQ fy;s] varjk"Vªh; eqnzk
Ikz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
ysunsuksa osQ ek=kk esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk] Lo.kZ og ifjlaifr ugha jgk ftlesa jk"Vªh; djsafl;ksa
dks IfjofrZr fd;k tk losQA (ckWDl 6-1 dks ns[ksa)A ;|fi dqN jk"Vªh; djasfl;ksa dh varjkZ"Vªh;
ekU;rk gS] nks ns'kksa osQ chp ysu nsu esa] og djsalh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS ftlesa O;kikj fd;k tkrk
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn dksbZ Hkkjrh; vesfjdk esa fufeZr oLrq [kjhnuk pkgrk gS rks ysunsu
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, mls MkWyjksa dh vko';drk gksxhA ;fn oLrq dh dher 10 MkWyj gS rks
mls ;g tkuuk t:jh gksxk fd Hkkjrh; :i;ksa esa bldh ykxr D;k gksxhA ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dh
fdlh vU; ns'k dh eqnzk osQ :i esa dher dks fons'kh fofue; nj vFkok ljy :i esa fofue;
nj dgrs gSaA bl fo"k; nj ge [kaM 6-2 esa foLr`r ppkZ djsaxsA
6-1 vnk;xh&larqyu
vnk;xh larqyu (BOP) fdlh ,d ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa vkSj 'ks"k fo'o osQ chp] ,d fuf'pr
le;kof/ esa] [kkldj 2 o"kZ esa] oLrqvksa] lsokvksa vkSj IkfjlaifÙk;ksa osQ ysunsu dk fooj.k gSA
vnk;xh larqyu osQ nks eq[; [kkrs gksrs gSa& pkyw [kkrk vkSj iw¡th [kkrk
1
A
6-1-1 pkyw [kkrk
pkyw [kkrk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa varj.k vnk;fx;ksa dk fooj.k gSA fp=k 6-1] pkyw
[kkrs osQ ?kVdksa dh iznf'kZr djrk gSA oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj esa] oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZrksa rFkk vk;krksa dks
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa minku vk; rFkk xSj minku vk; ysunsu dks 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gSA varj.k Hkqxrku] ,slh izHkfRr;k¡ gSa tks fdlh ns'k osQ fudkfl;ksa dks fu'kqYd izHkko
gksrh gS vkSj cnys esa dksbZ oLrq,sa vFkok lsok,¡ ugha nsuh iM+rhA buesa migkj] izsf"kr tu vkSj
vuqnku 'kkfey gSaA ;g ljdkj vFkok fons'kksa esa jgus okys futh O;kfDr;ksa }kjk fn;s tk ldrs gSaA
1
,d u;s oxhZxj.k osQ varxZr vnk;xh larqyu dks rhu [kkrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& pkyw [kkrk] foÙkh; [kkrk
rFkk iwath [kkrkA ;g varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vnk;xh larqyu ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; fLFkfr esU;wvy (BPM6) osQ NBs laLdkj
osQ vuqlkj gSA Hkkjr us Hkh bl fuos'k ifjorZu dks dj fy;k gS ysfdu Hkkjrh; fjtcZ cSad iqjkus oxhZdj.k osQ vk/kj ij
gh leadksa dks Nki jgk gSA
2018-19
Page 3


vè;k; 6
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk gS tks fofHkUu ekè;eksa }kjk vU; ns'kksa
ls varZO;ogkj djrh gSA vc rd geus bl igyw ij fopkj ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj
can vFkZO;oLFkk rd lhfer js[kk ftlesa 'ks"k fo'o ls dksbZ tqM+ko gha gksrs rkfd
gekjk fo'ys"k.k ljy jgs vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQ vk/kj ra=k dh O;k[;k
ljy gksA okLro esa] vf/dak'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ [kqyh gSaA bu tqM+koksa dks LFkkfir
djus osQ rhu rjhosQ gSaA
1-  fuxZr cktkjµ ,d vFkZO;oLFkk vU; ns'kksa ls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa esa O;kikj
dj ldrh gSA blls p;u foLr`r gksrk gS] bl vFkZ esa fd miHkksDrk vkSj
mRiknd ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ chp p;u dj ldrs gSaA
2- foÙkh; cktkjµ vf/d ckj] ,d vFkZO;oLFkk] nwljs ns'kksa ls foÙkh;
ifjlaifÙk;k¡ [kjhnrh gSA blls fofu;kstdksa dks ?kjsyw rd fons'kh ifjlaifÙks;k¡
ls p;u dh volj feyrk gSA
3-  Je cktkjµ IkQEkZ ;g p;u dj ldrh gSa fd mRiknu dks dgk¡ fd;k tk,
vkSj Jfed p;u dj ldrs gSa fd dgk¡ dke fd;k tk;A vusdksa vizoklu
dkuwu] Jfedksa dh ns'kksa osQ eè; vkokxeu dks Ikzfrcaf/r djrs gSaA
Ikkjaifjd :i ls] oLrqvksa osQ vokxeu dks] Je vkokxeu osQ LFkkiuk dh
Hkk¡fr ns[kk x;k gSA ge] Ikgys nks tqM+koksa ij fopkj djrs gSA
bl izdkj] [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk og gS tks vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa esa O;kij djrh gS vkSj cgq/k] foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa HkhA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
Hkkjrh; pkjksa vksj fo'o esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk miHkksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr
ls dqN oLrqvksa dk vU; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl Ikzdkj] fons'kh O;kikj] Hkkjr dh leLr ek¡x dks nks izdkj ls
IkzHkkfor djrk gSA izFke] tc Hkkjrh; fons'kh oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrs gSa rks muosQ
}kjk fd;k x;k O;; leLr ek¡x dks de djrs gq,] vk; osQ orqZy Ikzokg ls
fjlko osQ :i esa fu"dkflr gksrk gSA f}rh;] fons'kksa dks tks ge fu;kZr djrs
gSa og ?kjsyw mRikfnr oLrqvksa osQ fy;s leLr ek¡x esa o`f¼ djrs gq, orqZy Ikzokg
esa var {ksi.k osQ :i esa izos'k djrk gSA
tc jk"Vªh; lhekvksa osQ chp oLrqvksa dk vkokxeu gksrk gS] lkSnksa osQ
fy;s nzO; dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA varZjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,slh dksbZ ,d djsalh
ugha gS tks fdlh ,d cSad }kjk fuxZfer dh tkrh gksA fons'kh vkfFkZd ,tsaV]
fdlh jk"Vªh; djsalh dks rHkh Lohdkj djsaxs] ;fn os vk'oLr gks fd ml djsalh
2018-19
91
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk&&
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
dh ,d fuf'pr ek=kk ls os tks oLrq,¡ [kjhn losQaxs] mlesa volj ifjorZu ugha gksxkA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] djsalh dh Ø; 'kkfDr fLFkj jgsxhA
bl fo'okl osQ cxSj] fdlh djsalh dks varjkZ"Vªh; fofue; osQ ekè;e osQ :i esa mi;ksx
ugha fd;k tk;sxk vkSj u gh ys[kk dh bdkbZ osQ :i esa mi;ksx gksxk D;ksafd ,slk dksbZ varjk"Vªh;
izf/dj.k ugh gS ftlosQ Ikkl ;g 'kfDr gks fd og varjkZ"Vªh; ysu nsu esa fdlh djsalh osQ
mi;ksx dks ykxw dj losQA
Hkwrdky esa] ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa osQ }kjk laHkkO; mi;ksxdrkZvksa dk fo'okl Ikkus osQ fy;s
;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd jk"Vªh; eqnzk fuokZ/ :i ls fLFkj dher ij nwljh ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa ifjofrZr
gksaxs] ftlosQ ewY; ij tkjhdrkZ dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksxkA ;g nwljh ifjlaifÙk cgq/k lksuk ;k
vU; jk"Vªh; eqnzk,¡ FkhA bl opuc¼rk osQ nks igyw gSa ftlus bldh fo'oluh;rk dks izHkkfor
fd;k gS& vlhfer ek=kk esa fuokZ/ :i esa ifjorZu dh lerk vkSj dher] ftl Ikj ifjorZu gksrk
gSA bUgha eqnzksa dk fujkdj.k djus rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; ysunsu esa fLFkjrk ykus osQ fy;s] varjk"Vªh; eqnzk
Ikz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
ysunsuksa osQ ek=kk esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk] Lo.kZ og ifjlaifr ugha jgk ftlesa jk"Vªh; djsafl;ksa
dks IfjofrZr fd;k tk losQA (ckWDl 6-1 dks ns[ksa)A ;|fi dqN jk"Vªh; djasfl;ksa dh varjkZ"Vªh;
ekU;rk gS] nks ns'kksa osQ chp ysu nsu esa] og djsalh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS ftlesa O;kikj fd;k tkrk
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn dksbZ Hkkjrh; vesfjdk esa fufeZr oLrq [kjhnuk pkgrk gS rks ysunsu
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, mls MkWyjksa dh vko';drk gksxhA ;fn oLrq dh dher 10 MkWyj gS rks
mls ;g tkuuk t:jh gksxk fd Hkkjrh; :i;ksa esa bldh ykxr D;k gksxhA ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dh
fdlh vU; ns'k dh eqnzk osQ :i esa dher dks fons'kh fofue; nj vFkok ljy :i esa fofue;
nj dgrs gSaA bl fo"k; nj ge [kaM 6-2 esa foLr`r ppkZ djsaxsA
6-1 vnk;xh&larqyu
vnk;xh larqyu (BOP) fdlh ,d ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa vkSj 'ks"k fo'o osQ chp] ,d fuf'pr
le;kof/ esa] [kkldj 2 o"kZ esa] oLrqvksa] lsokvksa vkSj IkfjlaifÙk;ksa osQ ysunsu dk fooj.k gSA
vnk;xh larqyu osQ nks eq[; [kkrs gksrs gSa& pkyw [kkrk vkSj iw¡th [kkrk
1
A
6-1-1 pkyw [kkrk
pkyw [kkrk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa varj.k vnk;fx;ksa dk fooj.k gSA fp=k 6-1] pkyw
[kkrs osQ ?kVdksa dh iznf'kZr djrk gSA oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj esa] oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZrksa rFkk vk;krksa dks
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa minku vk; rFkk xSj minku vk; ysunsu dks 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gSA varj.k Hkqxrku] ,slh izHkfRr;k¡ gSa tks fdlh ns'k osQ fudkfl;ksa dks fu'kqYd izHkko
gksrh gS vkSj cnys esa dksbZ oLrq,sa vFkok lsok,¡ ugha nsuh iM+rhA buesa migkj] izsf"kr tu vkSj
vuqnku 'kkfey gSaA ;g ljdkj vFkok fons'kksa esa jgus okys futh O;kfDr;ksa }kjk fn;s tk ldrs gSaA
1
,d u;s oxhZxj.k osQ varxZr vnk;xh larqyu dks rhu [kkrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& pkyw [kkrk] foÙkh; [kkrk
rFkk iwath [kkrkA ;g varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vnk;xh larqyu ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; fLFkfr esU;wvy (BPM6) osQ NBs laLdkj
osQ vuqlkj gSA Hkkjr us Hkh bl fuos'k ifjorZu dks dj fy;k gS ysfdu Hkkjrh; fjtcZ cSad iqjkus oxhZdj.k osQ vk/kj ij
gh leadksa dks Nki jgk gSA
2018-19
92
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
,d ifjp;
fons'kksa ls oLrq,¡ [kjhnuk] gekjs ns'k dk O;; gS rFkk ;g fons'k dh vk; gSA blfy,] fons'kh
oLrqvksa dh [kjhn vFkok vk;kr gS] gekjs ns'k esa ?kjsyw oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ek¡x dks de
dj nsrs gSaA blh izdkj] fon'kksa dks eky cspus vFkok fu;kZrksa ls gekjs ns'k dks vk; izkIr gksrh
gS tks gekjs ns'k esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh dqy ?kjsyw ek¡x esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA
fp=k 6-1 pkyw [kkrs osQ ?kVd
pkyw [kkrs esa larqyu
pkyw [kkrk larqyu esa gksrk gS tc] pkyw [kkrs esa IkzkfIr;k¡ pkyw [kkrs osQ Hkqxrkuksa osQ cjkcj gksrh
gSaA pkyw [kkrs osQ vkf/D; dk vFkZ gS fd ,d ns'k dks vU; ns'kksa ysuk gS vkSj pkyw [kkrs osQ
?kkVs dk vFkZ gS fd ns'k vU; ns'kksa dh Í.kh gSA
pkyw [kkrs dk vkf/D; larqfyr pkyw [kkrk pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk
IkzkfIr;k¡ > Hkqxrku IkzkfIr;k¡ = Hkqxrku IkzkfIr;k¡ < Hkqxrku
pkyw [kkrs osQ larqyu osQ nks /jd gksrs gSa
• O;kikj dk larqyu osQ nks /jd gksrs gSa
• vn`'; enksa dk larqyu
O;kikj larqyu (BOT) fdlh ns'k osQ ,d fuf'pr le;of/ esa] fu;kZrksa vkSj vk;krksa osQ
ewY;ksa dh varj gSA oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr dks BOT esa ØsfMV fd;k tkrk gS rFkk vk;kr dks BOT
esa MsfcV fd;k tkrk gSA bldk O;kikj larqyu Hkh dgrs gSaA
BOT dks larqfyr dgk tkrk gS tc oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr] oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr osQ cjkcj gksrs
gSaA BOT esa vf/D; vFkok O;kikj vf/D; rHkh gksrk gS tc dksbZ ns'k vk;krksa dh vis{kk]
oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr vf/d djrk gSA ?kkVs dh BOT rc gksxkA
2018-19
Page 4


vè;k; 6
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk gS tks fofHkUu ekè;eksa }kjk vU; ns'kksa
ls varZO;ogkj djrh gSA vc rd geus bl igyw ij fopkj ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj
can vFkZO;oLFkk rd lhfer js[kk ftlesa 'ks"k fo'o ls dksbZ tqM+ko gha gksrs rkfd
gekjk fo'ys"k.k ljy jgs vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQ vk/kj ra=k dh O;k[;k
ljy gksA okLro esa] vf/dak'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ [kqyh gSaA bu tqM+koksa dks LFkkfir
djus osQ rhu rjhosQ gSaA
1-  fuxZr cktkjµ ,d vFkZO;oLFkk vU; ns'kksa ls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa esa O;kikj
dj ldrh gSA blls p;u foLr`r gksrk gS] bl vFkZ esa fd miHkksDrk vkSj
mRiknd ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ chp p;u dj ldrs gSaA
2- foÙkh; cktkjµ vf/d ckj] ,d vFkZO;oLFkk] nwljs ns'kksa ls foÙkh;
ifjlaifÙk;k¡ [kjhnrh gSA blls fofu;kstdksa dks ?kjsyw rd fons'kh ifjlaifÙks;k¡
ls p;u dh volj feyrk gSA
3-  Je cktkjµ IkQEkZ ;g p;u dj ldrh gSa fd mRiknu dks dgk¡ fd;k tk,
vkSj Jfed p;u dj ldrs gSa fd dgk¡ dke fd;k tk;A vusdksa vizoklu
dkuwu] Jfedksa dh ns'kksa osQ eè; vkokxeu dks Ikzfrcaf/r djrs gSaA
Ikkjaifjd :i ls] oLrqvksa osQ vokxeu dks] Je vkokxeu osQ LFkkiuk dh
Hkk¡fr ns[kk x;k gSA ge] Ikgys nks tqM+koksa ij fopkj djrs gSA
bl izdkj] [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk og gS tks vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa esa O;kij djrh gS vkSj cgq/k] foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa HkhA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
Hkkjrh; pkjksa vksj fo'o esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk miHkksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr
ls dqN oLrqvksa dk vU; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl Ikzdkj] fons'kh O;kikj] Hkkjr dh leLr ek¡x dks nks izdkj ls
IkzHkkfor djrk gSA izFke] tc Hkkjrh; fons'kh oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrs gSa rks muosQ
}kjk fd;k x;k O;; leLr ek¡x dks de djrs gq,] vk; osQ orqZy Ikzokg ls
fjlko osQ :i esa fu"dkflr gksrk gSA f}rh;] fons'kksa dks tks ge fu;kZr djrs
gSa og ?kjsyw mRikfnr oLrqvksa osQ fy;s leLr ek¡x esa o`f¼ djrs gq, orqZy Ikzokg
esa var {ksi.k osQ :i esa izos'k djrk gSA
tc jk"Vªh; lhekvksa osQ chp oLrqvksa dk vkokxeu gksrk gS] lkSnksa osQ
fy;s nzO; dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA varZjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,slh dksbZ ,d djsalh
ugha gS tks fdlh ,d cSad }kjk fuxZfer dh tkrh gksA fons'kh vkfFkZd ,tsaV]
fdlh jk"Vªh; djsalh dks rHkh Lohdkj djsaxs] ;fn os vk'oLr gks fd ml djsalh
2018-19
91
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk&&
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
dh ,d fuf'pr ek=kk ls os tks oLrq,¡ [kjhn losQaxs] mlesa volj ifjorZu ugha gksxkA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] djsalh dh Ø; 'kkfDr fLFkj jgsxhA
bl fo'okl osQ cxSj] fdlh djsalh dks varjkZ"Vªh; fofue; osQ ekè;e osQ :i esa mi;ksx
ugha fd;k tk;sxk vkSj u gh ys[kk dh bdkbZ osQ :i esa mi;ksx gksxk D;ksafd ,slk dksbZ varjk"Vªh;
izf/dj.k ugh gS ftlosQ Ikkl ;g 'kfDr gks fd og varjkZ"Vªh; ysu nsu esa fdlh djsalh osQ
mi;ksx dks ykxw dj losQA
Hkwrdky esa] ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa osQ }kjk laHkkO; mi;ksxdrkZvksa dk fo'okl Ikkus osQ fy;s
;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd jk"Vªh; eqnzk fuokZ/ :i ls fLFkj dher ij nwljh ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa ifjofrZr
gksaxs] ftlosQ ewY; ij tkjhdrkZ dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksxkA ;g nwljh ifjlaifÙk cgq/k lksuk ;k
vU; jk"Vªh; eqnzk,¡ FkhA bl opuc¼rk osQ nks igyw gSa ftlus bldh fo'oluh;rk dks izHkkfor
fd;k gS& vlhfer ek=kk esa fuokZ/ :i esa ifjorZu dh lerk vkSj dher] ftl Ikj ifjorZu gksrk
gSA bUgha eqnzksa dk fujkdj.k djus rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; ysunsu esa fLFkjrk ykus osQ fy;s] varjk"Vªh; eqnzk
Ikz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
ysunsuksa osQ ek=kk esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk] Lo.kZ og ifjlaifr ugha jgk ftlesa jk"Vªh; djsafl;ksa
dks IfjofrZr fd;k tk losQA (ckWDl 6-1 dks ns[ksa)A ;|fi dqN jk"Vªh; djasfl;ksa dh varjkZ"Vªh;
ekU;rk gS] nks ns'kksa osQ chp ysu nsu esa] og djsalh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS ftlesa O;kikj fd;k tkrk
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn dksbZ Hkkjrh; vesfjdk esa fufeZr oLrq [kjhnuk pkgrk gS rks ysunsu
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, mls MkWyjksa dh vko';drk gksxhA ;fn oLrq dh dher 10 MkWyj gS rks
mls ;g tkuuk t:jh gksxk fd Hkkjrh; :i;ksa esa bldh ykxr D;k gksxhA ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dh
fdlh vU; ns'k dh eqnzk osQ :i esa dher dks fons'kh fofue; nj vFkok ljy :i esa fofue;
nj dgrs gSaA bl fo"k; nj ge [kaM 6-2 esa foLr`r ppkZ djsaxsA
6-1 vnk;xh&larqyu
vnk;xh larqyu (BOP) fdlh ,d ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa vkSj 'ks"k fo'o osQ chp] ,d fuf'pr
le;kof/ esa] [kkldj 2 o"kZ esa] oLrqvksa] lsokvksa vkSj IkfjlaifÙk;ksa osQ ysunsu dk fooj.k gSA
vnk;xh larqyu osQ nks eq[; [kkrs gksrs gSa& pkyw [kkrk vkSj iw¡th [kkrk
1
A
6-1-1 pkyw [kkrk
pkyw [kkrk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa varj.k vnk;fx;ksa dk fooj.k gSA fp=k 6-1] pkyw
[kkrs osQ ?kVdksa dh iznf'kZr djrk gSA oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj esa] oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZrksa rFkk vk;krksa dks
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa minku vk; rFkk xSj minku vk; ysunsu dks 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gSA varj.k Hkqxrku] ,slh izHkfRr;k¡ gSa tks fdlh ns'k osQ fudkfl;ksa dks fu'kqYd izHkko
gksrh gS vkSj cnys esa dksbZ oLrq,sa vFkok lsok,¡ ugha nsuh iM+rhA buesa migkj] izsf"kr tu vkSj
vuqnku 'kkfey gSaA ;g ljdkj vFkok fons'kksa esa jgus okys futh O;kfDr;ksa }kjk fn;s tk ldrs gSaA
1
,d u;s oxhZxj.k osQ varxZr vnk;xh larqyu dks rhu [kkrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& pkyw [kkrk] foÙkh; [kkrk
rFkk iwath [kkrkA ;g varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vnk;xh larqyu ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; fLFkfr esU;wvy (BPM6) osQ NBs laLdkj
osQ vuqlkj gSA Hkkjr us Hkh bl fuos'k ifjorZu dks dj fy;k gS ysfdu Hkkjrh; fjtcZ cSad iqjkus oxhZdj.k osQ vk/kj ij
gh leadksa dks Nki jgk gSA
2018-19
92
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
,d ifjp;
fons'kksa ls oLrq,¡ [kjhnuk] gekjs ns'k dk O;; gS rFkk ;g fons'k dh vk; gSA blfy,] fons'kh
oLrqvksa dh [kjhn vFkok vk;kr gS] gekjs ns'k esa ?kjsyw oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ek¡x dks de
dj nsrs gSaA blh izdkj] fon'kksa dks eky cspus vFkok fu;kZrksa ls gekjs ns'k dks vk; izkIr gksrh
gS tks gekjs ns'k esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh dqy ?kjsyw ek¡x esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA
fp=k 6-1 pkyw [kkrs osQ ?kVd
pkyw [kkrs esa larqyu
pkyw [kkrk larqyu esa gksrk gS tc] pkyw [kkrs esa IkzkfIr;k¡ pkyw [kkrs osQ Hkqxrkuksa osQ cjkcj gksrh
gSaA pkyw [kkrs osQ vkf/D; dk vFkZ gS fd ,d ns'k dks vU; ns'kksa ysuk gS vkSj pkyw [kkrs osQ
?kkVs dk vFkZ gS fd ns'k vU; ns'kksa dh Í.kh gSA
pkyw [kkrs dk vkf/D; larqfyr pkyw [kkrk pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk
IkzkfIr;k¡ > Hkqxrku IkzkfIr;k¡ = Hkqxrku IkzkfIr;k¡ < Hkqxrku
pkyw [kkrs osQ larqyu osQ nks /jd gksrs gSa
• O;kikj dk larqyu osQ nks /jd gksrs gSa
• vn`'; enksa dk larqyu
O;kikj larqyu (BOT) fdlh ns'k osQ ,d fuf'pr le;of/ esa] fu;kZrksa vkSj vk;krksa osQ
ewY;ksa dh varj gSA oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr dks BOT esa ØsfMV fd;k tkrk gS rFkk vk;kr dks BOT
esa MsfcV fd;k tkrk gSA bldk O;kikj larqyu Hkh dgrs gSaA
BOT dks larqfyr dgk tkrk gS tc oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr] oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr osQ cjkcj gksrs
gSaA BOT esa vf/D; vFkok O;kikj vf/D; rHkh gksrk gS tc dksbZ ns'k vk;krksa dh vis{kk]
oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr vf/d djrk gSA ?kkVs dh BOT rc gksxkA
2018-19
93
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk&&
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
tc dksbZ ns'k fu;kZrksa dh vis{kk] oLrqvksa dk vf/d vk;kr djrk gSA fuoy vn`'; ensa
,d ns'k osQ ,d fuf'pr vof/ esa vn`'; enksa osQ fu;kZrksa ,oa vk;krksa osQ ewY;ksa dk varj gksrh
gSaA vn`'; enksa esa fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp gksus okyh] lsokvksa] gLrkarj.kksa rFkk vke izokg 'kkfey
gksrs gSaA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa] minku rFkk xSj&minku vk; nksuksa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA minku
vk; esa mRiknu osQ lk/uksa tSls O;;] Hkwfe rFkk iw¡th) ls izkIr fuoy varjkZ"Vªh; vk;ksa dks
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA lsok&mRiknksa tSls tgktjkuh] cSafdax] i;VZu] lkWÝVos;j lsok,¡ vkfn ls
izkIr fuoy fcØh dks xSj&minku vk; dgrs gSaA
6-1-2- iw¡th [kkrk
i¡wth [kkrk] ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ leLr varjkZ"Vªh; ysunsuksa dks ntZ djrk gSA ifjlEifÙk /u dks j[kus
dk dksbZ Hkh :i gksrk gSA tSls] eqnzk] LVkWd] ca/i=k] ljdkjh Í.k vkfnA ifjlEifÙk;ksa dh [kjhn
i¡th&[kkrs esa MsfcV dh tkrh gSA ;fn dksbZ Hkkjrh; ,d ;w- osQ- dkj daiuh dks [kjhnrk gS rks
og bl iwath [kkrs osQ ysunsu dk] MsfcV en esa izfo"Vh dj nsrk gS (D;ksafd fons'kh fofue;
dk Hkkjr ls cká izokg gks jgk gS)A nwljh vksj] ifjlaifÙk dh fcØh tSls] ;w- osQ- ls [kjhnh xbZ]
,d Hkkjrh; daiuh osQ 'ks;j dh fcØh ,d phuh O;kikjh dks fcØh djuk iwath [kkrs dh ØsfMV
en gSA fp=k 6-2 mu enksa dk oxhZdj.k djrk gS tks pkyw [kkrs osQ ysunsuksa dk Hkkx gSA ;g ensa
izR;{k fons'kh fofu;ksx (FIIs) fons'kh laLFkkxr fou;ksx (FIIs) fons'kh Í.k rFkk lgk;rk gSaA
iw¡th [kkrk larqyu
iw¡th[kkrk larqyu esa gksrk gS tc i¡wth varZizokg (tSls fons'kksa ls ½.k izkfIr] fons'kh daifu;ksa esa
'ks;jksa dh fcØh) iw¡th cká izokgksa (tSls Í.kksa dh Hkqxrku] fons'kksa esa dEifu;ksa osQ 'ks;jksa ;k
ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk [kjhnuk) osQ cjkcj gksrs gSaA iw¡th [kkrs esa vkfèkD; rc gksrk gS tc iw¡th
varZizokg] iw¡th [kkrs esa ?kkVk rc gksrk gS tc iw¡th varZokg] iw¡th cká izokgksa ls de gksrs gSaA
fons'kh Í.k fons'kh lgk;rk fuos'k
iw¡th [kkrk
fp=k 6-2 iw¡th [kkrs osQ ?kVd
izR;{k fuos'k
iksVZI+kQksfy;ks
fuos'k
mnkgj.kµ
bfDoVh iw¡th] iwuZ&
fuosf'kr vk;as rFkk
vU; izR;{k
iw¡th izokg
FDI,
mnkgj.kµ
fons'kh iaQM
FII,
mnkgj.kµ fons'kh
O;kikfjd Í.k]
vYidkfyd Í.k
mnkgj.kµ ljdkjh
lgk;rk] var%
ljdkjh] cgqi{kh;
rFkk f}i{kh; Í.k
2018-19
Page 5


vè;k; 6
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk gS tks fofHkUu ekè;eksa }kjk vU; ns'kksa
ls varZO;ogkj djrh gSA vc rd geus bl igyw ij fopkj ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj
can vFkZO;oLFkk rd lhfer js[kk ftlesa 'ks"k fo'o ls dksbZ tqM+ko gha gksrs rkfd
gekjk fo'ys"k.k ljy jgs vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQ vk/kj ra=k dh O;k[;k
ljy gksA okLro esa] vf/dak'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ [kqyh gSaA bu tqM+koksa dks LFkkfir
djus osQ rhu rjhosQ gSaA
1-  fuxZr cktkjµ ,d vFkZO;oLFkk vU; ns'kksa ls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa esa O;kikj
dj ldrh gSA blls p;u foLr`r gksrk gS] bl vFkZ esa fd miHkksDrk vkSj
mRiknd ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ chp p;u dj ldrs gSaA
2- foÙkh; cktkjµ vf/d ckj] ,d vFkZO;oLFkk] nwljs ns'kksa ls foÙkh;
ifjlaifÙk;k¡ [kjhnrh gSA blls fofu;kstdksa dks ?kjsyw rd fons'kh ifjlaifÙks;k¡
ls p;u dh volj feyrk gSA
3-  Je cktkjµ IkQEkZ ;g p;u dj ldrh gSa fd mRiknu dks dgk¡ fd;k tk,
vkSj Jfed p;u dj ldrs gSa fd dgk¡ dke fd;k tk;A vusdksa vizoklu
dkuwu] Jfedksa dh ns'kksa osQ eè; vkokxeu dks Ikzfrcaf/r djrs gSaA
Ikkjaifjd :i ls] oLrqvksa osQ vokxeu dks] Je vkokxeu osQ LFkkiuk dh
Hkk¡fr ns[kk x;k gSA ge] Ikgys nks tqM+koksa ij fopkj djrs gSA
bl izdkj] [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk og gS tks vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa esa O;kij djrh gS vkSj cgq/k] foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa HkhA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
Hkkjrh; pkjksa vksj fo'o esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk miHkksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr
ls dqN oLrqvksa dk vU; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl Ikzdkj] fons'kh O;kikj] Hkkjr dh leLr ek¡x dks nks izdkj ls
IkzHkkfor djrk gSA izFke] tc Hkkjrh; fons'kh oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrs gSa rks muosQ
}kjk fd;k x;k O;; leLr ek¡x dks de djrs gq,] vk; osQ orqZy Ikzokg ls
fjlko osQ :i esa fu"dkflr gksrk gSA f}rh;] fons'kksa dks tks ge fu;kZr djrs
gSa og ?kjsyw mRikfnr oLrqvksa osQ fy;s leLr ek¡x esa o`f¼ djrs gq, orqZy Ikzokg
esa var {ksi.k osQ :i esa izos'k djrk gSA
tc jk"Vªh; lhekvksa osQ chp oLrqvksa dk vkokxeu gksrk gS] lkSnksa osQ
fy;s nzO; dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA varZjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,slh dksbZ ,d djsalh
ugha gS tks fdlh ,d cSad }kjk fuxZfer dh tkrh gksA fons'kh vkfFkZd ,tsaV]
fdlh jk"Vªh; djsalh dks rHkh Lohdkj djsaxs] ;fn os vk'oLr gks fd ml djsalh
2018-19
91
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk&&
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
dh ,d fuf'pr ek=kk ls os tks oLrq,¡ [kjhn losQaxs] mlesa volj ifjorZu ugha gksxkA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] djsalh dh Ø; 'kkfDr fLFkj jgsxhA
bl fo'okl osQ cxSj] fdlh djsalh dks varjkZ"Vªh; fofue; osQ ekè;e osQ :i esa mi;ksx
ugha fd;k tk;sxk vkSj u gh ys[kk dh bdkbZ osQ :i esa mi;ksx gksxk D;ksafd ,slk dksbZ varjk"Vªh;
izf/dj.k ugh gS ftlosQ Ikkl ;g 'kfDr gks fd og varjkZ"Vªh; ysu nsu esa fdlh djsalh osQ
mi;ksx dks ykxw dj losQA
Hkwrdky esa] ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa osQ }kjk laHkkO; mi;ksxdrkZvksa dk fo'okl Ikkus osQ fy;s
;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd jk"Vªh; eqnzk fuokZ/ :i ls fLFkj dher ij nwljh ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa ifjofrZr
gksaxs] ftlosQ ewY; ij tkjhdrkZ dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksxkA ;g nwljh ifjlaifÙk cgq/k lksuk ;k
vU; jk"Vªh; eqnzk,¡ FkhA bl opuc¼rk osQ nks igyw gSa ftlus bldh fo'oluh;rk dks izHkkfor
fd;k gS& vlhfer ek=kk esa fuokZ/ :i esa ifjorZu dh lerk vkSj dher] ftl Ikj ifjorZu gksrk
gSA bUgha eqnzksa dk fujkdj.k djus rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; ysunsu esa fLFkjrk ykus osQ fy;s] varjk"Vªh; eqnzk
Ikz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
ysunsuksa osQ ek=kk esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk] Lo.kZ og ifjlaifr ugha jgk ftlesa jk"Vªh; djsafl;ksa
dks IfjofrZr fd;k tk losQA (ckWDl 6-1 dks ns[ksa)A ;|fi dqN jk"Vªh; djasfl;ksa dh varjkZ"Vªh;
ekU;rk gS] nks ns'kksa osQ chp ysu nsu esa] og djsalh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS ftlesa O;kikj fd;k tkrk
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn dksbZ Hkkjrh; vesfjdk esa fufeZr oLrq [kjhnuk pkgrk gS rks ysunsu
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, mls MkWyjksa dh vko';drk gksxhA ;fn oLrq dh dher 10 MkWyj gS rks
mls ;g tkuuk t:jh gksxk fd Hkkjrh; :i;ksa esa bldh ykxr D;k gksxhA ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dh
fdlh vU; ns'k dh eqnzk osQ :i esa dher dks fons'kh fofue; nj vFkok ljy :i esa fofue;
nj dgrs gSaA bl fo"k; nj ge [kaM 6-2 esa foLr`r ppkZ djsaxsA
6-1 vnk;xh&larqyu
vnk;xh larqyu (BOP) fdlh ,d ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa vkSj 'ks"k fo'o osQ chp] ,d fuf'pr
le;kof/ esa] [kkldj 2 o"kZ esa] oLrqvksa] lsokvksa vkSj IkfjlaifÙk;ksa osQ ysunsu dk fooj.k gSA
vnk;xh larqyu osQ nks eq[; [kkrs gksrs gSa& pkyw [kkrk vkSj iw¡th [kkrk
1
A
6-1-1 pkyw [kkrk
pkyw [kkrk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa varj.k vnk;fx;ksa dk fooj.k gSA fp=k 6-1] pkyw
[kkrs osQ ?kVdksa dh iznf'kZr djrk gSA oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj esa] oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZrksa rFkk vk;krksa dks
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa minku vk; rFkk xSj minku vk; ysunsu dks 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gSA varj.k Hkqxrku] ,slh izHkfRr;k¡ gSa tks fdlh ns'k osQ fudkfl;ksa dks fu'kqYd izHkko
gksrh gS vkSj cnys esa dksbZ oLrq,sa vFkok lsok,¡ ugha nsuh iM+rhA buesa migkj] izsf"kr tu vkSj
vuqnku 'kkfey gSaA ;g ljdkj vFkok fons'kksa esa jgus okys futh O;kfDr;ksa }kjk fn;s tk ldrs gSaA
1
,d u;s oxhZxj.k osQ varxZr vnk;xh larqyu dks rhu [kkrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& pkyw [kkrk] foÙkh; [kkrk
rFkk iwath [kkrkA ;g varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vnk;xh larqyu ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; fLFkfr esU;wvy (BPM6) osQ NBs laLdkj
osQ vuqlkj gSA Hkkjr us Hkh bl fuos'k ifjorZu dks dj fy;k gS ysfdu Hkkjrh; fjtcZ cSad iqjkus oxhZdj.k osQ vk/kj ij
gh leadksa dks Nki jgk gSA
2018-19
92
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
,d ifjp;
fons'kksa ls oLrq,¡ [kjhnuk] gekjs ns'k dk O;; gS rFkk ;g fons'k dh vk; gSA blfy,] fons'kh
oLrqvksa dh [kjhn vFkok vk;kr gS] gekjs ns'k esa ?kjsyw oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ek¡x dks de
dj nsrs gSaA blh izdkj] fon'kksa dks eky cspus vFkok fu;kZrksa ls gekjs ns'k dks vk; izkIr gksrh
gS tks gekjs ns'k esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh dqy ?kjsyw ek¡x esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA
fp=k 6-1 pkyw [kkrs osQ ?kVd
pkyw [kkrs esa larqyu
pkyw [kkrk larqyu esa gksrk gS tc] pkyw [kkrs esa IkzkfIr;k¡ pkyw [kkrs osQ Hkqxrkuksa osQ cjkcj gksrh
gSaA pkyw [kkrs osQ vkf/D; dk vFkZ gS fd ,d ns'k dks vU; ns'kksa ysuk gS vkSj pkyw [kkrs osQ
?kkVs dk vFkZ gS fd ns'k vU; ns'kksa dh Í.kh gSA
pkyw [kkrs dk vkf/D; larqfyr pkyw [kkrk pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk
IkzkfIr;k¡ > Hkqxrku IkzkfIr;k¡ = Hkqxrku IkzkfIr;k¡ < Hkqxrku
pkyw [kkrs osQ larqyu osQ nks /jd gksrs gSa
• O;kikj dk larqyu osQ nks /jd gksrs gSa
• vn`'; enksa dk larqyu
O;kikj larqyu (BOT) fdlh ns'k osQ ,d fuf'pr le;of/ esa] fu;kZrksa vkSj vk;krksa osQ
ewY;ksa dh varj gSA oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr dks BOT esa ØsfMV fd;k tkrk gS rFkk vk;kr dks BOT
esa MsfcV fd;k tkrk gSA bldk O;kikj larqyu Hkh dgrs gSaA
BOT dks larqfyr dgk tkrk gS tc oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr] oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr osQ cjkcj gksrs
gSaA BOT esa vf/D; vFkok O;kikj vf/D; rHkh gksrk gS tc dksbZ ns'k vk;krksa dh vis{kk]
oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr vf/d djrk gSA ?kkVs dh BOT rc gksxkA
2018-19
93
[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk&&
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
tc dksbZ ns'k fu;kZrksa dh vis{kk] oLrqvksa dk vf/d vk;kr djrk gSA fuoy vn`'; ensa
,d ns'k osQ ,d fuf'pr vof/ esa vn`'; enksa osQ fu;kZrksa ,oa vk;krksa osQ ewY;ksa dk varj gksrh
gSaA vn`'; enksa esa fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp gksus okyh] lsokvksa] gLrkarj.kksa rFkk vke izokg 'kkfey
gksrs gSaA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa] minku rFkk xSj&minku vk; nksuksa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA minku
vk; esa mRiknu osQ lk/uksa tSls O;;] Hkwfe rFkk iw¡th) ls izkIr fuoy varjkZ"Vªh; vk;ksa dks
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA lsok&mRiknksa tSls tgktjkuh] cSafdax] i;VZu] lkWÝVos;j lsok,¡ vkfn ls
izkIr fuoy fcØh dks xSj&minku vk; dgrs gSaA
6-1-2- iw¡th [kkrk
i¡wth [kkrk] ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ leLr varjkZ"Vªh; ysunsuksa dks ntZ djrk gSA ifjlEifÙk /u dks j[kus
dk dksbZ Hkh :i gksrk gSA tSls] eqnzk] LVkWd] ca/i=k] ljdkjh Í.k vkfnA ifjlEifÙk;ksa dh [kjhn
i¡th&[kkrs esa MsfcV dh tkrh gSA ;fn dksbZ Hkkjrh; ,d ;w- osQ- dkj daiuh dks [kjhnrk gS rks
og bl iwath [kkrs osQ ysunsu dk] MsfcV en esa izfo"Vh dj nsrk gS (D;ksafd fons'kh fofue;
dk Hkkjr ls cká izokg gks jgk gS)A nwljh vksj] ifjlaifÙk dh fcØh tSls] ;w- osQ- ls [kjhnh xbZ]
,d Hkkjrh; daiuh osQ 'ks;j dh fcØh ,d phuh O;kikjh dks fcØh djuk iwath [kkrs dh ØsfMV
en gSA fp=k 6-2 mu enksa dk oxhZdj.k djrk gS tks pkyw [kkrs osQ ysunsuksa dk Hkkx gSA ;g ensa
izR;{k fons'kh fofu;ksx (FIIs) fons'kh laLFkkxr fou;ksx (FIIs) fons'kh Í.k rFkk lgk;rk gSaA
iw¡th [kkrk larqyu
iw¡th[kkrk larqyu esa gksrk gS tc i¡wth varZizokg (tSls fons'kksa ls ½.k izkfIr] fons'kh daifu;ksa esa
'ks;jksa dh fcØh) iw¡th cká izokgksa (tSls Í.kksa dh Hkqxrku] fons'kksa esa dEifu;ksa osQ 'ks;jksa ;k
ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk [kjhnuk) osQ cjkcj gksrs gSaA iw¡th [kkrs esa vkfèkD; rc gksrk gS tc iw¡th
varZizokg] iw¡th [kkrs esa ?kkVk rc gksrk gS tc iw¡th varZokg] iw¡th cká izokgksa ls de gksrs gSaA
fons'kh Í.k fons'kh lgk;rk fuos'k
iw¡th [kkrk
fp=k 6-2 iw¡th [kkrs osQ ?kVd
izR;{k fuos'k
iksVZI+kQksfy;ks
fuos'k
mnkgj.kµ
bfDoVh iw¡th] iwuZ&
fuosf'kr vk;as rFkk
vU; izR;{k
iw¡th izokg
FDI,
mnkgj.kµ
fons'kh iaQM
FII,
mnkgj.kµ fons'kh
O;kikfjd Í.k]
vYidkfyd Í.k
mnkgj.kµ ljdkjh
lgk;rk] var%
ljdkjh] cgqi{kh;
rFkk f}i{kh; Í.k
2018-19
94
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
,d ifjp;
6-1-3 vnk;xh&larqyu vkSj ?kkVk
varjkZ"Vªh; vnk;xh dk lkj gS fd ftl izdkj viuh vk; ls vf/d O;; djus okys dks]
ifjlEifÙk;k¡ cspdj vFkok mèkkj ysdj] vk; O;; osQ varj dks iwjk djuk iM+rk gS] mlh izdkj
dksbZ ns'k ftlosQ pkyw [kkrs esa ?kkVk gS (tks 'ks"k fo'o dks fcØh ls izkIr /u ls vf/d /u
O;; djrk gSA mls viuh ifjlEifÙk;ksa dks cspdj ;k fons'kksa ls Í.k ysdj ml deh dks iwjk
djuk gksrk gSA bl izdkj] fdlh Hkh pkyw [kkrk ?kkVs dks fuoy iw¡th [kkrk vf/D; vFkkZr~ fuoy
iw¡th izokg ls foÙkiksf"kr djuk gksrk gSA
pkyw [kkrk $ iw¡th [kkrk ¾ 0
oSdfYid :i esa] ,d ns'k vius ?kkVs dks larqfyr djus osQ fy;s] vius fons'kh fofue;
dks"kksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA tc ?kkVk gksrk gS rks fjtoZ cSad fons'kh fofue; csprk gSA bls
vf/dkfjd dks"k foØ; dgk tkrk gSA vf/dkfjd dks"kksa esa deh (o`f¼) dk dqy vnk;xh&larqyu
?kkVk (vf/De) dgrs gSaA ewyHkwr rF; ;g gS fd vnk;xh larqyu esa ekSfnzd vf/dkjh vafre
foÙkiks"kd gksrs gSa (vFkok fdlh vf/D; osQ vf/xzgh gksrs gSa)
è;krO; gS fd vf/dkfjd dks"k ysunsu ,d vf/dksfyr fofue; nj voLFkk esa] vLFkk;h
fofue; njksa dh vis{kk vf/d izklafxd gksrs gSaA
Lok;Ùk vkSj lek;ksftr ysunsu
varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd ysunsuksa dks rc Lok;r dgk tkrk gS tc ysunsu] vnk;xh larqyu esa fo"kerk
dks iwjk djus osQ vykok] fdlh vkSj dkj.ko'k fd;s tkrs gSa] vFkkZr tc os BOP dh n'kk ls
Lora=k gksrs gSaA ,d dkj.k ykHk dekuk gks ldrk gSA bu enksa dks vnk;xh larqyu esa ^jksd osQ
mQij dh ensa* dgrs gSA tc Lok;Ùk izkfIr;k¡ Lok;Ùk vnk;fx;ksa ls vf/d (de) gksa] rks
vnk;xh larqyu dks vf/o; (?kkVk) dkgk tkrk gSA
lek;ksftr ysunsuksa (js[kkvksa osQ uhps dh enksa) dk fu/kZj.k vnk;xh&larqyu dh fo"kerk
}kjk gksrk gS vFkkZr tc vnk;xh&larqyu esa ?kkVk gks vFkok vf/D; gksA vU; 'kCnksa esa ;s Lok;Ùk
ysunsuksa osQ fuoy ifj.kkeksa }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrs gSaA D;ksafd vf/dkfjd dks"k ysunsu BOP dh
fo"kerk dks ikVus osQ fy;s fd;s tkrs gSa] mUgsa vnk;xh&larqyu esa lek;ksftr enksa osQ :i esa
ns[kk tkrk gS (vU; lHkh Lok;Ùkk gksa)A
=kqfV vkSj yksi% lHkh varjkZ"Vªh; ysunsuksa dks lgh izdkj ls fjdkMZ djuk dfBu gSA vr%
gekjs ikl BOP dk ,d rhljk vo;o (pkyw vkSj iwath [kkrksa osQ vfrfjDr) ftls =kqfV vkSj
yksi dk izfrfcafcr ekurs gaSA
rkfydk 6-1 Hkkjr osQ vnk;xh&larqyu dk ,d uewuk izLrqr djrh gSA è;ku nhft;s] bl
rkfydk esa O;kikj ?kkVk gS] pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk gS ysfdu iwath [kkrs dk vf/D; gSA iQyLo:i
BOP larqyu esa gSA
vnk;xh&larqyu ?kkVk vnk;xh larqyu larqfyr vnk;xh larqyu vf/D;
dqy larqyu < 0 dqy larqyu ¾ 0 dqy larqyu > 0
jf{kr ifjorZu > 0 jf{kr ifjorZu ¾ 0 jf{kr ifjorZu < 0
2018-19
Read More
182 docs

Top Courses for UPSC

182 docs
Download as PDF
Explore Courses for UPSC exam

Top Courses for UPSC

Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
10M+ students study on EduRev
Related Searches

Exam

,

past year papers

,

Extra Questions

,

practice quizzes

,

ppt

,

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: खुली अर्थव्यवस्था मैक्रोइकॉनॉमिक्स | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

,

pdf

,

shortcuts and tricks

,

Objective type Questions

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

mock tests for examination

,

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: खुली अर्थव्यवस्था मैक्रोइकॉनॉमिक्स | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

,

MCQs

,

Free

,

video lectures

,

Viva Questions

,

Sample Paper

,

Important questions

,

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: खुली अर्थव्यवस्था मैक्रोइकॉनॉमिक्स | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

,

study material

,

Semester Notes

,

Summary

;