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Apomixis

  • The term ‘Apomixis’ was introduced by Winkler(1908). ‘Apomixis is the substitution of sexual reproduction, which does not involve meiosis and syngamy.’
  • Apoximis refers to the formation of the plant from a seed without fertilization or normal sexual reproduction. This mechanism produces clones, hence can be considered as a form of asexual reproduction.

It is of two types:

(i) Vegetative Reproduction: It is a type of asexual reproduction, mostly in plants when a plant part is detached and produces new progeny.Apomixis: Vegetative PropagationApomixis: Vegetative Propagation

(ii) Agamospermy: Process which involves sex cells but takes place without fertilisation or meiosis.

(a) Apomixis & Parthenocarpy | Biology Class 12 - NEET
(b) Adventitive Embryony: The nucellar or integumentary cells produce a diploid embryo.
(c) Apospory: Cell, outside the embryo sac produces aposporic embryo sac.

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Parthenocarpy

It is the process of producing fruits without fertilisation.Apomixis & Parthenocarpy | Biology Class 12 - NEET

On the basis of its causes, it is of three types:
(i) Genetic Parthenocarpy: Parthenocarpic fruits are produced because of hybridisation or mutation.
(ii) Environmental Parthenocarpy: The environmental condition like fog, frost, high temperature and freezing led to the non-functioning of the reproductive organ and results in parthenocarpy.
(iii) Chemical Induced Parthenocarpy: The artificial application of IAA, α-NAA, gibberellin leads to the production of parthenocarpic fruits.

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FAQs on Apomixis & Parthenocarpy - Biology Class 12 - NEET

1. What is apomixis?
Ans. Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in plants where seeds are produced without fertilization. It involves the formation of embryos from unfertilized egg cells, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant.
2. How does apomixis differ from parthenocarpy?
Ans. While both apomixis and parthenocarpy involve the development of seeds without fertilization, they differ in the way they occur. Apomixis involves the formation of embryos from unfertilized egg cells, while parthenocarpy refers to the production of fruit without fertilization. In other words, apomixis is a reproductive process, whereas parthenocarpy is a fruit development process.
3. What are the advantages of apomixis in plants?
Ans. Apomixis offers several advantages to plants. Firstly, it allows for the production of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant, ensuring the preservation of favorable traits. Secondly, apomixis bypasses the need for pollination and fertilization, saving energy and resources for the plant. Lastly, apomictic plants can colonize new habitats more efficiently as they can reproduce without the presence of a suitable pollinator.
4. Can apomixis occur naturally in all plant species?
Ans. No, apomixis does not occur naturally in all plant species. It is more commonly observed in certain groups of plants, such as grasses, dandelions, and some citrus fruits. The occurrence of apomixis can vary among different plant species and even within populations of the same species.
5. Are there any disadvantages to apomixis in plants?
Ans. While apomixis has its advantages, there are also some disadvantages. Since apomixis produces genetically identical offspring, it limits the potential for genetic variation and adaptation to changing environments. This can make apomictic populations more susceptible to diseases and other environmental pressures. Additionally, apomictic plants may face challenges in colonizing new habitats that require genetic diversity to respond to different ecological conditions.
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