Class 10 Exam > Class 10 Notes > CLASS 10 BIO LiFE ProCESSes
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Life processes
• Constantly exhibit the functions of maintenance and repair in living organisms
• Some Examples- Digestion, Respiration, Circulation etc.
Nutrition
• Process of obtaining nutrients from the environment i.e. intake of food and then its digestion in the body.
• Two types – Autotrophic (self-sufficient for food) and Heterotrophic (dependent on others for food).
Autotrophic nutrition
• Synthesis of food by photosynthesis- ‘photo’ means light and ‘synthesis’ means production. It is the production of food with the help of sunlight.
• Photosynthesis equation-
6CO2+6H2O give C6H12O6+6O2
• Events of photosynthesis are as follows: Absorption of light energy chlorophyll which is the green pigment and gives energy for activation of reaction. Then the splitting of water into its constituent’s hydrogen and oxygen leading to the Synthesis of ATP and NADPH2 and finally reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
Heterotrophic nutrition
• Generally take up energy from plants and animals by using them as food.
• Mostly of three types—holozoic, parasitic, and saprophytic.
• Digestion- mechanical and chemical reduction of ingested nutrients which can be then converted to energy for use.
• Human digestive system- consists of the long alimentary canal that includes mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
• Organs for assistance- pancreas, liver
Nutrition in humans:
• Saliva is secreted by salivary glands located under the tongue which contains digestive enzymes like salivary amylase, which break down starch into sugar. So, digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth itself.
• Tongue helps in chewing, moistening, rolling and swallowing of food.
• The food from mouth then goes down the oesophagus, which is the food pipe to the stomach, through the movement of walls of oesophagus (peristalsis)
• Stomach mixes the food hence received with various digestive juices.
• Inner lining of stomach secretes:
• Mucus – protects the lining of stomach from being corroded by the acid.
• Hydrochloric acid – creates an acidic medium and dissolves bits of food.
• Digestive juices – break down protein into simpler substances.
The food from stomach eventually moves into the small intestine.
• Digestion in small intestine: It is the longest part (about 7.5 m long) of alimentary canal. It is the site where complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats takes place. It gets intestinal juices from two different glands – liver and pancreas that help in the further digestion of food.
Liver is the largest gland of the body and secretes bile juice. Bile juice is stored in the gall bladder and has a significant role in the digestion of fats.
Pancreas has enzymes that help in total digestion of all food components.
• The digestive tract and associated glands together constitute the digestive system.
Respiration
• It is controlled by enzymes and energy is released from the breakdown of organic substances. It is of two types that are aerobic and anaerobic
Aerobic respiration
• Oxidation of food materials by oxygen
• Produces 36 ATP
• The steps followed in cellular respiration
First step is breakdown of glucose (6C) into pyruvates (3C) in the cytoplasm
Second step- Pyruvate is then broken down to CO2 and water and it takes place in the mitochondria where energy is produced in ATP form.
Anaerobic respiration
• It is the Oxidation of nutrients without using up the molecular oxygen
• It gives 2 ATPs.
• First step- glycolysis in cytoplasm, 2 pyruvate produced
• Second step is the break down of pyruvic acid into ethanol and water and energy (in yeast) and lactic acid and energy (in muscle cells)
Human respiration
• It consists of the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
• Bronchioles then divide into many alveoli which are sites of gaseous exchange.
• O2 present in alveolar blood vessels is then transported to various cells of the body.
Hemoglobin pigment present in blood is majorly responsible for transportation of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Transportation
First and foremost things, a liquid medium is required always for transportation.
Transportation in humans
• Double circulation occurs in human beings i.e. the blood goes through the heart twice during each cardiac cycle.
• Blood and lymph are both involved in transportation
• Components of blood are RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma.
• Three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins and capillaries.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood in them, except one that is pulmonary artery
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood in them, except pulmonary vein
The Human heart is divided into four chambers – right auricle, right ventricle, left auricle, and left ventricle
• The Right side of the heart gets deoxygenated blood from different cells of the body
• The Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs.
Transportation in plants
• Transportation of water is through xylem tissues
• Transport of water occurs due to transpiration pull, root pressure and difference in pressure gradient.
• Transport of food or translocation takes place through phloem and it requires energy.
Excretion
It involves the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body of organisms by various processes.
Excretion in humans
The excretory system consists of- a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.
• Nitrogenous wastes such as urea and uric acid are removed
• Nephron- basic filtration unit
• Main components of the nephron - glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, renal tube
• The process of Removing of nitrogenous wastes through artificial kidney is called dialysis.
FAQs on CLASS 10 BIO LiFE ProCESSes
| 1. What are the different types of life processes? |  |
Ans. The different types of life processes include nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, and reproduction.
| 2. What is the process of nutrition? | |
Ans. Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain and utilize food for growth, energy, and maintenance of their body. It involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
| 3. How do organisms respire? | |
Ans. Organisms respire by taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. In humans and most animals, respiration occurs through the process of breathing and involves the exchange of gases in the lungs. In plants, respiration occurs through tiny pores called stomata on their leaves.
| 4. What is transportation in living organisms? | |
Ans. Transportation in living organisms refers to the movement of substances such as water, nutrients, gases, and waste products within their bodies. In animals, transportation occurs through the circulatory system, while in plants, it occurs through specialized tissues called xylem and phloem.
| 5. How do organisms excrete waste products? | |
Ans. Organisms excrete waste products through the process of excretion. In animals, excretion occurs through organs such as the kidneys, skin, and lungs, which remove metabolic waste like urea, excess water, and carbon dioxide. In plants, excretion mainly occurs through stomata and lenticels.
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